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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The word lupus means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries the disease caused, brought to mind the bites of this animal. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: the classical, neoclassical, and modern. | |||
<ref name="pmid7020464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holubar K |title=Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette |journal=Am J Dermatopathol |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=239–42 |year=1980 |pmid=7020464 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | <ref name="pmid7020464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holubar K |title=Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette |journal=Am J Dermatopathol |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=239–42 |year=1980 |pmid=7020464 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="pmid23008531">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review |journal=J Family Community Med |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |year=1994 |pmid=23008531 |pmc=3437177 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | <ref name="pmid23008531">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review |journal=J Family Community Med |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |year=1994 |pmid=23008531 |pmc=3437177 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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=== Neoclassical History === | === Neoclassical History === | ||
* Rogerius Frugardi | * In 1230 A.D., Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial lesions and used the term lupus for the first time scientifically. | ||
* | * In 1530 A.D., Giovanni Manardi (1530 ad) used the same pattern of ulceration to describe the lower extremity lesions and called it lupus as well. | ||
* | * In late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British dermatologist, was the first to describe the destructive lesions of the face and nose under the heading of lupus. Lupus willani which is the cutaneous tuberculosis or lupus vulgaris is named after him. | ||
* Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin lesion with tissue destructive characteristics | * In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin lesion with tissue destructive characteristics. Later in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the "butterfly" to describe what is known as malar rash. He named the condition initially as seborrhea congestiva. | ||
* In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it erythema centrifugum. Later his student, Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave, published Biett's work. | * In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it erythema centrifugum. Later his student, Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave, published Biett's work. | ||
* Cazenave | * In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of discoid lupus. He called it "lupus erythematosus" disease, as a rare condition. | ||
* In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder including arthritis, fever, anemia, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss. | * In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder including arthritis, fever, anemia, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss. | ||
* Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones that clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from lupus vulgaris or cutaneous tuberculosis, although both disease coexistance in some patients had led to a lot of confusion that time. | * Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones that clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from lupus vulgaris or cutaneous tuberculosis, although both disease coexistance in some patients had led to a lot of confusion that time. | ||
* Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term systemic lupus erythematosus. He discussed visceral complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme” include cardiac, pulmonary, and renal problems as well as cutaneous lesions | * In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term systemic lupus erythematosus. He discussed visceral complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme” include cardiac, pulmonary, and renal problems as well as cutaneous lesions. | ||
* Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the photosensitive nature of the malar rash. | * In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the photosensitive nature of the malar rash. | ||
* In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe acroasphyxia, or Raynaud phenomenon, and lupus nephritis. | * In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe acroasphyxia, or Raynaud phenomenon, and lupus nephritis. | ||
* In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe pulmonary involvement in lupus. | * In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe pulmonary involvement in lupus. | ||
* In 1923, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks were the first to describe noninfectious endocarditis due to lupus. | * In 1923, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks were the first to describe noninfectious endocarditis due to lupus. | ||
* George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the | |||
* In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the | === Modern History === | ||
* In the early 20th century, George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the firsts to describe endocarditis of Libman-Sacks was a manifestation of the disease even without cutaneous involvement. They changed the common idea of the necessity of cutaneous involvement for the diagnosis of lupus. | |||
* In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the firsts to describe wire loop nephritis. | |||
* In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the familial aggregation of lupus and concordance in monozygotic twins. | * In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the familial aggregation of lupus and concordance in monozygotic twins. | ||
* In 1906, Wasserman was the first to describe a complement-fixing antibody that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts while trying to develop a serologic test for syphilis. The corresponding antigen which later was identified as cardiolipin. | * In 1906, Wasserman was the first to describe a complement-fixing antibody that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts while trying to develop a serologic test for syphilis. The corresponding antigen which later was identified as cardiolipin. | ||
* In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the LE cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several bone marrow preparations while adding the serum from patients with lupus erythematosus to bone marrow preparations from normal subjects. | * In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the LE cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several bone marrow preparations while adding the serum from patients with lupus erythematosus to bone marrow preparations from normal subjects. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]
Overview
The word lupus means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries the disease caused, brought to mind the bites of this animal. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: the classical, neoclassical, and modern.
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Discovery
The word lupus means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries the disease caused, brought to mind the bites of this animal. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: the classical, neoclassical, and modern.[9] The classical history mostly referred to the ancient history when there were no exact definition of the disease and it's facts. During the neoclassical lupus history scientists were looking to find out lupus manifestations and tried to define the disease action. Modern history is mostly focused on the microscopical understanding of the disease and pathogenesis of SLE.
Classical History
- The ancient people used to believe that lupus patients could turn into wolfs especially during the exposure to sunlight. Probably this is as a result of lupus photo-sensitivity.
- Hippocrates firstly used the word "herpes esthiomenos" which was a definition for lupus lesions and thus Hippocrates is considered the first to have described cutaneous ulceration of the disease.
Neoclassical History
- In 1230 A.D., Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial lesions and used the term lupus for the first time scientifically.
- In 1530 A.D., Giovanni Manardi (1530 ad) used the same pattern of ulceration to describe the lower extremity lesions and called it lupus as well.
- In late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British dermatologist, was the first to describe the destructive lesions of the face and nose under the heading of lupus. Lupus willani which is the cutaneous tuberculosis or lupus vulgaris is named after him.
- In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin lesion with tissue destructive characteristics. Later in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the "butterfly" to describe what is known as malar rash. He named the condition initially as seborrhea congestiva.
- In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it erythema centrifugum. Later his student, Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave, published Biett's work.
- In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of discoid lupus. He called it "lupus erythematosus" disease, as a rare condition.
- In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder including arthritis, fever, anemia, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss.
- Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones that clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from lupus vulgaris or cutaneous tuberculosis, although both disease coexistance in some patients had led to a lot of confusion that time.
- In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term systemic lupus erythematosus. He discussed visceral complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme” include cardiac, pulmonary, and renal problems as well as cutaneous lesions.
- In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the photosensitive nature of the malar rash.
- In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe acroasphyxia, or Raynaud phenomenon, and lupus nephritis.
- In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe pulmonary involvement in lupus.
- In 1923, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks were the first to describe noninfectious endocarditis due to lupus.
Modern History
- In the early 20th century, George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the firsts to describe endocarditis of Libman-Sacks was a manifestation of the disease even without cutaneous involvement. They changed the common idea of the necessity of cutaneous involvement for the diagnosis of lupus.
- In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the firsts to describe wire loop nephritis.
- In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the familial aggregation of lupus and concordance in monozygotic twins.
- In 1906, Wasserman was the first to describe a complement-fixing antibody that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts while trying to develop a serologic test for syphilis. The corresponding antigen which later was identified as cardiolipin.
- In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the LE cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several bone marrow preparations while adding the serum from patients with lupus erythematosus to bone marrow preparations from normal subjects.
- In 1954, Miescher and Fauconnet observed that absorption of lupus serum with nuclei prevented its ability to induce the LE cell phenomenon, suggesting that a globulin in the serum was reacting with, or destroying, the nuclei.
- In 1954, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic were the first to describe drug-induced lupus erythematosus with the antihypertensive drug, hydralazine.
- in 1958, George Friou discovered that the substance in the serum of patients with lupus erythematosus that reacted to the nuclei of cells was gamma globulin. He also discovered that the target in the nucleus was DNA complexed to histones. He described the indirect immunoflourescence test to detect antinuclear antibodies. Autoantibodies like nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP), Sm, Ro, La, and anticardiolipin antibodies were discovered based on his primary works.
- In 1959, a breakthrough in the understanding of lupus was happened by the discovery of a lethal kidney disease in Otago Medical School in New Zealand. It provided many insights of disease mechanisms in imunopathogenesis of autoantibody formation, immunologic tolerance, and the development of glomerulonephritis in lupus as well. It also led to better evaluation of newer therapeutic agents in lupus erythematosus.
- In 1971, the first classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus were established that required 4 of 14 criteria.
- In 1982, the criteria were revised by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) to add the new advances in serologic testing (ANA and anti-dsDNA) and improved biostatistical techniques.
- In 2012, the Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) revised and validated the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria in order to improve clinical relevance, meet stringent methodology requirements and incorporate new knowledge in SLE immunology.
References
- ↑ Holubar K (1980). "Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette". Am J Dermatopathol. 2 (3): 239–42. PMID 7020464.
- ↑ Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A (1994). "Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review". J Family Community Med. 1 (1): 19–29. PMC 3437177. PMID 23008531.
- ↑ Scofield RH, Oates J (2009). "The place of William Osler in the description of systemic lupus erythematosus". Am. J. Med. Sci. 338 (5): 409–12. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181acbd71. PMC 2783313. PMID 19826244.
- ↑ Smith CD, Cyr M (1988). "The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler". Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 14 (1): 1–14. PMID 3041483.
- ↑ RUSSELL B (1955). "The history of lupus vulgaris: its recognition, nature, treatment and prevention". Proc. R. Soc. Med. 48 (2): 127–32. PMC 1919015. PMID 14357321.
- ↑ Hargraves MM (1969). "Discovery of the LE cell and its morphology". Mayo Clin. Proc. 44 (9): 579–99. PMID 4186059.
- ↑ MOORE JE, SHULMAN LE, SCOTT JT (1956). "The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive reactors: interim report". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 68: 59–67, discussion 67–8. PMC 2248934. PMID 13486608.
- ↑ Arnett FC, Shulman LE (1976). "Studies in familial systemic lupus erythematosus". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (4): 313–22. PMID 781465.
- ↑ Blotzer JW (1983). "Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects". Md State Med J. 32 (6): 439–41. PMID 6348430.