Stomatitis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Stomatitis}}
{{Stomatitis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{USAMA}}, {{SaraM}}


==Overview==
{{SK}} [[Aphthous stomatitis]]; [[Herpetic stomatitis]]
Stomatitis is an [[inflammation]] of the [[mucous lining]] of any of the structures in the [[mouth]], which may involve the [[cheeks]], [[gums]], [[tongue]], [[lips]], [[throat]], and roof or floor of the mouth. Most physicians do not regularly examine the mouth of patients and so stomatitis or triggering conditions can remain undiagnosed unless they become symptomatic.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref> The inflammation of the structures in the mouth can be caused by a condition limited just to the mouth, such as poor [[oral hygiene]], poorly fitted [[dentures]], or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as [[medications]], [[allergic reactions]], or [[infections]]. A form of stomatitis known as stomatitis nicotina can be caused by smoking cigars, cigarettes, and pipes, and is characterized by small red bumps on the roof of the mouth.<ref>{{cite web|year=1969|title=Smoking and Noncancerous Oral Disease|format=PDF|work=The Reports of the Surgeon General|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/L/N/_/nnbbln.pdf|accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref>


When it also involves an inflammation of the [[gingiva]], it is called gingivostomatitis.
==[[Stomatitis overview|Overview]]==
Irritation and [[fissure|fissuring]] in the corners of the lips is termed angular stomatits or [[angular cheilitis]]. In children a frequent cause is repeated lip-licking and in adults it may be a sign of underlying [[iron deficiency anemia]], or [[vitamin B]] deficiencis (e.g. B2-[[riboflavin]], B9-[[folate]] or [[B12]]-cobalamins), which in turn may be evidence of poor diets or malnutrition (e.g. [[celiac disease]]).


==Historical Perspective==
==[[Stomatitis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
*Between460-370 B.C., in relation to disorders of the mouth the term aphthae was first used by [[Hippocrates]].<ref name=Stomatitis-update> Ship, Jonathan A. "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: an update." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 81.2 (1996): 141-147.</ref>
*In 1898, the first clinical description of the aphthous stomatitis was reported by Von Mikulicz and Kumme as a Mikuliez aphthea
*In 1911, stomatitis aphthae recurrens cicatricicans was first described by Sutton.
*In 1961, stomatitis aphthae recurrens herpetiformis was first described by Cooke.<ref name="pmid6929240">{{cite journal| author=Kramer IR, Pindborg JJ, Bezroukov V, Infirri JS| title=Guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases and conditions. World Health Organization. | journal=Community Dent Oral Epidemiol | year= 1980 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-26 | pmid=6929240 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6929240  }} </ref>


==Classification==
==[[Stomatitis classification|Classification]]==
According to the etiology, stomatitis may be classified into:


'''Infectious Stomatitis'''
==[[Stomatitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
 
**Major aphthous stomatitis
==[[Stomatitis causes|Causes]]==
**Minor aphthous stomatitis
 
**Herpetiform stomatitis
==[[Stomatitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Stomatitis from other Diseases]]==
*[[Herpetic gingivostomatitis]]
*[[Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis]] or [[gangrenous stomatitis|stomatitis gangrenosa]]
*Vesicular stomatitis
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease|Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]]
*[[Candidal stomatitis]]
'''Other forms'''
*[[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]]
*[[Denture stomatitis]]
*Contact stomatitis<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[A. Tosti]], [[B. M. Piraccini]] & [[A. M. Peluso]]
| title = Contact and irritant stomatitis
| journal = [[Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery]]
| volume = 16
| issue = 4
| pages = 314–319
| year = 1997
| month = December
| pmid = 9421224
}}</ref>
*Migratory stomatitis or geographic stomatitis
*Stomatitis nicotina
*Pyostomatitis vegetans


==Pathophysiology==
==[[Stomatitis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


*[[Ebola]]
==[[Stomatitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


===Common Causes===
==[[Stomatitis screening|Screening]]==
The common causes of stomatitis include:<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref>
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
*[[Dentures]]
*[[Folate deficiency]]
*[[Herpes stomatitis]]
*[[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]


===Causes by Organ System===
==[[Stomatitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Kawasaki disease]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Bismuthia]], [[gold]], [[mercury poisoning]], [[nickel]], [[thallium]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angular cheilitis]], [[angular cheilitis|angular stomatitis]], [[aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[burning mouth syndrome]], [[dentures]], [[desquamative gingivitis]], [[dry mouth]], [[herpetic gingivostomatitis]], [[hypertrophic gums]], [[nicotine stomatitis]], [[oral lesions]], oral submucous fibrosis, [[oral lesions|oral ulceration]], [[trench mouth]], [[gingivitis|ulcerative gingivitis]], [[Vincent's angina]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[bismuthia]], [[erythema multiforme]], [[gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]], [[lip balm]], [[pemphigoid]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]], [[warts]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acmella oleracea]], [[afatinib]], [[aflibercept]], [[alemtuzumab]], [[aminopterin]], [[chloroquine|aralen phosphate]], [[auranofin]], [[benzydamine]], [[bleomycin]], [[boceprevir]], [[busulfan]], [[cabozantinib]], [[capecitabine]], [[carboplatin]], [[cerubidine]], [[chemotherapy]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[chloroquine phosphate]], [[clofibrate]], [[cosmegen]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cytosine arabinoside]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin]], [[daptomycin]], [[daunorubicin]], [[docetaxel]], [[epirubicin]],[[eribulin]], [[etoposide]], [[everolimus]], [[floxuridine]], [[fluorouracil]], [[gemcitabine]], [[gemtuzumab ozogamicin]], [[gentamicin]], [[ginkgo biloba]], [[hexetidine]], [[ixabepilone]], [[ketorolac tromethamine]], [[lenvatinib]], [[levoleucovorin]], [[lincomycin hydrochloride]], [[lomustine]], [[loratadine]], [[melphalan]], [[methotrexate]], [[metronidazole]], [[mitomycin]], [[mitoxantrone]], [[nabumetone]], [[nicotine polacrilex]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxaprozin]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[palbociclib]], [[panitumumab]], [[paraplatin]], [[penicillin G potassium]], [[pentostatin]], peplomycin, [[pertuzumab]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[pixantrone]], [[pralatrexate]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[sargramostim]], [[sirolimus]], [[sodium aurothiomalate]], [[sorafenib]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulindac]], [[sunitinib]], [[temsirolimus]], [[thioguanine]], [[tiagabine]], [[tolmetin]], [[trametinib]], [[ziv-aflibercept]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]], [[aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[glandular fever]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[trench mouth]], [[palatine uvula|uvulitis]], [[Vincent's angina]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Glucagonoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[dysphagia]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[odynophagia]], [[oropharyngeal candidiasis]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Agranulocytosis]], [[anemia]], [[cyclic neutropenia]], [[iron deficiency anemia]], [[leukemia]], [[neutropenia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Irradiation]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aphthous stomatitis]], [[aphthous ulcer]], [[arbovirus]], [[baculovirus]], [[bovine papular stomatitis]], [[candidiasis]], [[coxsackie virus]], [[diphtheritic stomatitis]], [[ebola]], [[esophageal candidiasis]], [[feline calicivirus]], [[feline immunodeficiency virus]], [[gangrenous stomatitis]], [[glandular fever]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[herpes zoster]], [[herpes]], [[herpetic gingivostomatitis]], [[HIV]], infectious stomatitis, [[lassa fever]], [[lichen planus]], [[Marburg virus]], [[noma (disease)]], [[oncolytic virus]], [[oropharyngeal candidiasis]], [[parapoxvirus]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[syphilis]], [[trench mouth]], [[tuberculosis]], [[typhlitis]], [[vesicular stomatitis virus]], [[vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]], [[vesiculovirus]], [[Vincent's angina]], [[warts]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Odynophagia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Parkinson's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angular cheilitis]], [[ariboflavinosis]], [[folate deficiency]], [[kwashiorkor]], [[lingzhi]], [[nutritional deficiency]], [[pyrophosphate]], [[vitamin B12 deficiency]], [[riboflavin|vitamin B2 deficiency]], [[vitamin B6 deficiency]], [[vitamin C deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Warts]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer]], [[glucagonoma]], [[leukemia]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Emotional stress]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergies]], [[autoimmune diseases]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[chronic granulomatous disease]], [[combined immunodeficiencies]], [[drug hypersensitivity]], [[gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]], [[pemphigoid]], [[periodic fever syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Mucosa hemorrhage]]
|-
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN140510368X</ref>===
==Diagnosis==
{{columns-list|3|
*[[Acmella oleracea]]
*[[Afatinib]]
*[[Aflibercept]]
*[[Agranulocytosis]]
*[[Alemtuzumab]]
*[[Allergies]]
*[[Aminopterin]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Angular cheilitis]]
*[[angular cheilitis|Angular stomatitis]]
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
*[[Aphthous ulcer]]
*[[chloroquine|Aralen phosphate]]
*[[Arbovirus]]
*[[Ariboflavinosis]]
*[[Auranofin]]
*[[Autoimmune diseases]]
*[[Baculovirus]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Benzydamine]]
*[[Bismuthia]]
*[[Bleomycin]]
*[[Bovine papular stomatitis]]
*[[Burning mouth syndrome]]
*[[Busulfan]]
*[[Cabozantinib]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Candidiasis]]
*[[Capecitabine]]
*[[Carboplatin]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Cerubidine]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chloramphenicol]]
*[[Chloroquine phosphate]]
*[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Combined immunodeficiencies]]
*[[Cosmegen]]
*[[Coxsackie virus]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyclic neutropenia]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cytosine arabinoside]]
*[[Dacarbazine]]
*[[Dactinomycin]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Daunorubicin]]
*[[Dentures]]
*[[Desquamative gingivitis]]
*[[Diphtheritic stomatitis]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drug hypersensitivity]]
*[[Dry mouth]]
*[[Dysphagia]]
*[[Ebola]]
*[[Emotional stress]]
*[[Epirubicin]]
*[[Eribulin]]
*[[Erythema multiforme]]
*[[Esophageal candidiasis]]
*[[Etoposide]]
*[[Everolimus]]
*[[Feline calicivirus]]
*[[Feline immunodeficiency virus]]
*[[Floxuridine]]
*[[Fluorouracil]]
*[[Folate deficiency]]
*[[Gangrenous stomatitis]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
*[[Gemtuzumab ozogamicin]]
*[[Gentamicin]]
*[[Ginkgo biloba ]]
*[[Glandular fever]]
*[[Glucagonoma]]
*[[Gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions]]
*[[Gold]]
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]
*[[Herpangina]]
*[[Herpes]]
*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
*[[Herpes zoster]]
*[[Herpetic gingivostomatitis]]
*[[Hexetidine]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Hypertrophic gums]]
*[[Infectious stomatitis]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Iron deficiency anemia]]
*[[Irradiation]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Ketorolac tromethamine]]
*[[Kwashiorkor]]
*[[Lassa fever]]
*[[Lenvatinib]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Levoleucovorin]]
*[[Lichen planus]]
*[[Lincomycin hydrochloride]]
*[[Lingzhi]]
*[[Lip balm]]
*[[Lomustine]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*[[Marburg virus]]
*[[Melphalan]]
*[[Mercury poisoning]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Metronidazole]]
*[[Mitomycin]]
*[[Mitoxantrone]]
*[[Mucosa hemorrhage]]
*[[Nabumetone]]
*[[Neutropenia]]
*[[Nickel]]
*[[Nicotine polacrilex]]
*[[Nicotine stomatitis]]
*[[Noma (disease)]]
*[[Nutritional deficiency]]
*[[Odynophagia]]
*[[Oncolytic virus]]
*[[Oral lesions]]
*[[Oral submucous fibrosis]]
*[[oral lesions|Oral ulceration]]
*[[Oropharyngeal cancer]]
*[[Oropharyngeal candidiasis]]
*[[Oxaliplatin]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
*[[Palbociclib]]
*[[Panitumumab]]
*[[Paraplatin]]
*[[Parapoxvirus]]
*[[Parkinson's disease]]
*[[Pemphigoid]]
*[[Penicillin G potassium]]
*[[Pentostatin]]
*[[Peplomycin]]
*[[Periodic fever syndrome]]
*[[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
*[[Pertuzumab]]
*[[Phenylbutazone]]
*[[Pixantrone]]
*[[Pralatrexate]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Pyrophosphate]]
*[[Sargramostim]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Sodium aurothiomalate]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
*[[Sucralfate]]
*[[Sulfasalazine]]
*[[Sulindac]]
*[[Sunitinib]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Temsirolimus]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Thioguanine]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
*[[Tolmetin]]
*[[Trametinib]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Trench mouth]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Typhlitis]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[gingivitis|Ulcerative gingivitis]]
*[[palatine uvula|Uvulitis]]
*[[Vesicular stomatitis virus]]
*[[Vesicular stomatitis with exanthem]]
*[[Vesiculovirus]]
*[[Vincent's angina]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
*[[riboflavin|Vitamin B2 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin B6 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin C deficiency]]
*[[Warts]]
*[[Ziv-aflibercept]]
}}


== Differentiating Stomatitis from other Diseases ==
[[Stomatitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Stomatitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Stomatitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]]
Stomatitis should be differentiated from other disease as well as from possible underlying conditions causing stomatitis including:
*Tumors of the tongue
**Squamous cell carcinoma
***It can prevent as a non healing ulcer or as a mass and is mostly caused by smoking or alcohol utilization.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref>
**Leukoplakia
***It is benign but can progress to carcinoma after almost 10 years. It is common in atypical users of tobacco, other than smoking.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[D. Grady]], [[J. Greene]], [[T. E. Daniels]], [[V. L. Ernster]], [[P. B. Robertson]], [[W. Hauck]], [[D. Greenspan]], [[J. Greenspan]] & [[S. Jr Silverman]]
| title = Oral mucosal lesions found in smokeless tobacco users
| journal = [[Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)]]
| volume = 121
| issue = 1
| pages = 117–123
| year = 1990
| month = July
| pmid = 2370378
}}</ref>
***Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is an aggressive sub type that has multiple lesions and has higher conversion to warts or carcinoma.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Ann M. Gillenwater]], [[Nadarajah Vigneswaran]], [[Hanadi Fatani]], [[Pierre Saintigny]] & [[Adel K. El-Naggar]]
| title = Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!
| journal = [[Advances in anatomic pathology]]
| volume = 20
| issue = 6
| pages = 416–423
| year = 2013
| month = November
| doi = 10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1
| pmid = 24113312
}}</ref>
**Melanoma
***It has the typical abcde characteristics including asymmetry, irregular borders, color change, increase in diameter and evolution and is usually diagnosed in its later stages.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[P. DeMatos]], [[D. S. Tyler]] & [[H. F. Seigler]]
| title = Malignant melanoma of the mucous membranes: a review of 119 cases
| journal = [[Annals of surgical oncology]]
| volume = 5
| issue = 8
| pages = 733–742
| year = 1998
| month = December
| pmid = 9869521
}}</ref>
**Fordyce spots
***These are benign neoplasms with sebaceous features
**Torrus Paltinus
***It is a nodular mass on the hard palate, covered with normal mucosa<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Barry Ladizinski]] & [[Kachiu C. Lee]]
| title = A nodular protuberance on the hard palate
| journal = [[JAMA]]
| volume = 311
| issue = 15
| pages = 1558–1559
| year = 2014
| month = April
| doi = 10.1001/jama.2014.271
| pmid = 24737369
}}</ref>
*Autoimmune diseases
*Aphthous ulcers
**Apthous stomatitis
**Behcet's syndrome
**Nicorandil induced ulcers
***It is a drug use in angina pectoris
*Burning mouth syndrome
**It is characterized by constant sensation of burning in the mouth in post menopausal women.
**There is no particular cause for it and no specific treatment is done.


== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
==Treatment==


==Risk Factors==
[[Stomatitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Stomatitis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Stomatitis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Stomatitis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]]
The following risk factors are believed to influence the development of stomatitis:<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[R. Morgan]], [[J. Tsang]], [[N. Harrington]] & [[L. Fook]]
| title = Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
| journal = [[Postgraduate medical journal]]
| volume = 77
| issue = 908
| pages = 392–394
| year = 2001
| month = June
| pmid = 11375454
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Carolina-Cavalieri Gomes]], [[Ricardo-Santiago Gomez]], [[Livia-Guimaraes Zina]] & [[Fabricio-Rezende Amaral]]
| title = Recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Helicobacter pylori
| journal = [[Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 2
| pages = e187–e191
| year = 2016
| month = March
| pmid = 26827061
}}</ref>
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[H. pylori]]
*Sensitivity to food
*Nutritional abnormalities
*Immunologic deficiencies e.g [[HIV]]
*Genetic factors
*[[Chemotherapy]] or [[radiotherapy]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Kenji Momo]]
| title = &#91;Indomethacin Spray Preparation for the Control of Pain Associated with Stomatitis Caused by Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Cancer Patients&#93;
| journal = [[Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan]]
| volume = 135
| issue = 8
| pages = 931–935
| year = 2015
| month =
| doi = 10.1248/yakushi.15-00112-1
| pmid = 26234349
}}</ref>


== Screening ==
==Related Chapters==
Screening for stomatitis is not recommended.<ref name=stomatitis-Screening>U.S. Preventive Services Task Force http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Search?s=stomatitis Accessed on August 31, 2016</ref>
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
*[[Herpetic stomatitis]]
*[[Chicken pox]]
*[[Trench mouth]]
*[[Bovine papular stomatitis]]
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]


==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
==History and Symptoms==
==Physical Examination==
==Laboratory Findings==
==Medical Therapy==
==Primary Prevention==
==Secondary Prevention==
==References==


{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
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[[Category:Infectious Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious Disease]]
[[Category:Primary Care]]
[[Category:Primary Care]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 00:18, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2], Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]

Synonyms and keywords: Aphthous stomatitis; Herpetic stomatitis

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Stomatitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention

Related Chapters


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