Stent thrombosis Relation to drug eluting stents: Difference between revisions
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Overall lifetime incidence of [[stent thrombosis]](ST) in patients with [[drug eluting stent]](DES), from multiple trials is in the range of 0.5-2%. How ever there is wide variation of the incidence depending on the multiple variables which influence its occurrence. | ==Overview of incidence of [[stent thrombosis]] with [[drug eluting stent]]== | ||
Overall lifetime incidence of [[stent thrombosis]](ST) in patients with [[drug eluting stent]](DES), from multiple trials is in the range of '''0.5-2%'''. How ever there is wide variation of the incidence depending on the multiple variables which influence its occurrence. | |||
*In a study of 3548 registry patients who received a [[DES]], the cumulative incidence of definite, probable or possible [[ST]] was '''1.8%'''. The incidence for definite ST was 0.65% over a 15 month period.<ref name="pmid17662400">{{cite journal| author=Jensen LO, Maeng M, Kaltoft A, Thayssen P, Hansen HH, Bottcher M et al.| title=Stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and death after drug-eluting and bare-metal stent coronary interventions. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2007 | volume= 50 | issue= 5 | pages= 463-70 | pmid=17662400 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17662400 }} </ref> | |||
*In a study of 1911 patients with [[DES]] and a follow up to a median 19.4 months , the overall incidence of ST was '''0.8%'''.<ref name="pmid16860022">{{cite journal| author=Park DW, Park SW, Park KH, Lee BK, Kim YH, Lee CW et al.| title=Frequency of and risk factors for stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation during long-term follow-up. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 98 | issue= 3 | pages= 352-6 | pmid=16860022 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.02.039 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16860022 }} </ref> | |||
*In a study of 1731 patients undergoing [[sirolimus]] eluting stent(SES) implantation the cumulative one year ST rate was '''1.7%'''. This number was 3.2% for [[diabetics]].<ref name="pmid17678732">{{cite journal| author=Machecourt J, Danchin N, Lablanche JM, Fauvel JM, Bonnet JL, Marliere S et al.| title=Risk factors for stent thrombosis after implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: the EVASTENT Matched-Cohort Registry. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2007 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 501-8 | pmid=17678732 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.051 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17678732 }} </ref> | |||
*In a “real world” observational study involving 15157 patients with [[SES]] acturial incidence of ST at 12 months was '''0.87%'''.<ref name="pmid16534015">{{cite journal| author=Urban P, Gershlick AH, Guagliumi G, Guyon P, Lotan C, Schofer J et al.| title=Safety of coronary sirolimus-eluting stents in daily clinical practice: one-year follow-up of the e-Cypher registry. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 11 | pages= 1434-41 | pmid=16534015 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532242 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16534015 }} </ref> | |||
==Incidence of early stent thrombosis with drug eluting stent== | |||
This group would include | |||
#'''Intra-procedural ST''' | |||
#'''Acute ST:''' up to 24 hrs | |||
#'''Subacute ST:''' 24 hrs to 30 days | |||
*'''Intra-procedural''' ST occurred in '''0.7%''' of patients in a study of 670 patients with 1362 lesions who received a [[SES]]. The average stent length was 42.9 ± 28.3 mm.<ref name="pmid15148281">{{cite journal| author=Chieffo A, Bonizzoni E, Orlic D, Stankovic G, Rogacka R, Airoldi F et al.| title=Intraprocedural stent thrombosis during implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 109 | issue= 22 | pages= 2732-6 | pmid=15148281 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000131890.83839.5B | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15148281 }} </ref> | |||
*A rate of '''0.5%''' of '''acute''' ST was observed in a study of 1911 patients who were treated with [[aspirin]], [[clopidogrel]] and on the discretion of the treating physician.<ref name="pmid16860022">{{cite journal| author=Park DW, Park SW, Park KH, Lee BK, Kim YH, Lee CW et al.| title=Frequency of and risk factors for stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation during long-term follow-up. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 98 | issue= 3 | pages= 352-6 | pmid=16860022 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.02.039 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16860022 }} </ref> | |||
*A meta-analysis of 10 RCT involving 2602 patientes who received a [[DES]], showed a ST rate of '''0.34%''' by '''30th day'''.<ref name="pmid15766835">{{cite journal| author=Moreno R, Fernández C, Hernández R, Alfonso F, Angiolillo DJ, Sabaté M et al.| title=Drug-eluting stent thrombosis: results from a pooled analysis including 10 randomized studies. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 45 | issue= 6 | pages= 954-9 | pmid=15766835 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.065 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15766835 }} </ref> | |||
In | *In the real world setting a review of the e-cypher registry involving 15157 patients with [[SES]], rate of '''sub-acute''' ST was '''0.56%'''.<ref name="pmid16534015">{{cite journal| author=Urban P, Gershlick AH, Guagliumi G, Guyon P, Lotan C, Schofer J et al.| title=Safety of coronary sirolimus-eluting stents in daily clinical practice: one-year follow-up of the e-Cypher registry. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 11 | pages= 1434-41 | pmid=16534015 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532242 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16534015 }} </ref> | ||
*An incidence '''subacute''' ST of '''0.83 %''' was reported in a meta-analysis of 19 randomised controlled trails.<ref name="pmid16216853">{{cite journal| author=Roiron C, Sanchez P, Bouzamondo A, Lechat P, Montalescot G| title=Drug eluting stents: an updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. | journal=Heart | year= 2006 | volume= 92 | issue= 5 | pages= 641-9 | pmid=16216853 | doi=10.1136/hrt.2005.061622 | pmc=PMC1860942 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16216853 }} </ref> | |||
*In a large observational study of more than 8000 patients with [[DES]], the cumulative incidence of subacute stent thrombosis was '''1.1%''' at '''30 days'''. This accounted for 60% of total ST.<ref name="pmid17321312">{{cite journal| author=Daemen J, Wenaweser P, Tsuchida K, Abrecht L, Vaina S, Morger C et al.| title=Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: data from a large two-institutional cohort study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2007 | volume= 369 | issue= 9562 | pages= 667-78 | pmid=17321312 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60314-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17321312 }} </ref> | |||
==Incidence of late stent thrombosis with drug eluting stent== | |||
This would include | |||
#'''Late ST:''' 30 days to one year | |||
#'''Very late ST:''' more than one year, but generally less than 3 years | |||
#'''Later than 3 years''' | |||
In | *In a study of more than 8146 patients in two academic centers, the cumulative incidence of late stent thrombosis was '''1.7% at 1 year'''. The slope of the linear portion of the cumulative incidence curve between 30 days and 3 years indicated a steady rate of 0.6% per year.<ref name="pmid17321312">{{cite journal| author=Daemen J, Wenaweser P, Tsuchida K, Abrecht L, Vaina S, Morger C et al.| title=Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: data from a large two-institutional cohort study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2007 | volume= 369 | issue= 9562 | pages= 667-78 | pmid=17321312 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60314-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17321312 }} </ref> Late stent thrombosis was more frequent with PES (1.8%) than with SES (1.4%). 23% of patients who developed late ST were being treated with dual antiplatelet therapy. This study concluded that late stent thrombosis was encountered steadily with no evidence of diminution up to 3 years of follow-up. Cumulative incidence of very late stent thrombosis was 2.3% at 2 years, and 2.9% at 3 years | ||
In | *In 1911 patients with [[DES]] with 100% follow-up, incidence of late ST was '''0.6%''' which was similar to that for [[bare metal stents]]. The predictors of stent thrombosis were premature [[antiplatelet]] therapy interruption, primary stenting in [[acute myocardial infarction]], and total stent length.<ref name="pmid16860022">{{cite journal| author=Park DW, Park SW, Park KH, Lee BK, Kim YH, Lee CW et al.| title=Frequency of and risk factors for stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation during long-term follow-up. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 98 | issue= 3 | pages= 352-6 | pmid=16860022 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.02.039 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16860022 }} </ref> | ||
*A late angiographic ST rate of 0.35% (95% confidence limits 0.17% to 0.72%) was reported in a cohort of 2006 patients with 98% of the patients being followed up. The incidence of ST between '''30 days to 1 year''' was '''0.25%''' and incidence of '''very late''' ST was '''0.15%'''. Also concluded that ST may occur even if the patients are stable on antiplatelet monotherapy.<ref name="pmid15963413">{{cite journal| author=Ong AT, McFadden EP, Regar E, de Jaegere PP, van Domburg RT, Serruys PW| title=Late angiographic stent thrombosis (LAST) events with drug-eluting stents. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 45 | issue= 12 | pages= 2088-92 | pmid=15963413 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.086 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15963413 }} </ref> | |||
*An incidence '''late''' ST of '''0.7 %''' was reported in a meta-analysis of 19 RCT.<ref name="pmid16216853">{{cite journal| author=Roiron C, Sanchez P, Bouzamondo A, Lechat P, Montalescot G| title=Drug eluting stents: an updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. | journal=Heart | year= 2006 | volume= 92 | issue= 5 | pages= 641-9 | pmid=16216853 | doi=10.1136/hrt.2005.061622 | pmc=PMC1860942 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16216853 }} </ref> | |||
In the | *The incidence of very late stent thrombosis more than 1 year after coronary revascularization is low, however [[drug-eluting stents]] appear to increase the risk for late thrombosis. In a meta-analysis of 14 trials analyzing 6675 patients, the incidence of very late thrombosis was 5.0 events per 1000 in drug-eluting stent patients and 5.9 events per 1000 incidence of very late thrombosis in paclitaxel stent patients. <ref name="pmid17145250">{{cite journal| author=Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Helton TJ, Borek PP, Mood GR, Bhatt DL| title=Late thrombosis of drug-eluting stents: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2006 | volume= 119 | issue= 12 | pages= 1056-61 | pmid=17145250 | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.01.023 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17145250 }} </ref> | ||
*A meta-analysis of 10 RCT involving 2602 patients with DES revealed a '''late''' ST rate of '''0.23%'''.<ref name="pmid15766835">{{cite journal| author=Moreno R, Fernández C, Hernández R, Alfonso F, Angiolillo DJ, Sabaté M et al.| title=Drug-eluting stent thrombosis: results from a pooled analysis including 10 randomized studies. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 45 | issue= 6 | pages= 954-9 | pmid=15766835 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.065 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15766835 }} </ref> | |||
*In the real world setting a review of the e-cypher registry involving 15157 patients with [[sirolimus]], incidence of '''late''' ST was '''0.19%''' at 12months follow-up.<ref name="pmid16534015">{{cite journal| author=Urban P, Gershlick AH, Guagliumi G, Guyon P, Lotan C, Schofer J et al.| title=Safety of coronary sirolimus-eluting stents in daily clinical practice: one-year follow-up of the e-Cypher registry. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 113 | issue= 11 | pages= 1434-41 | pmid=16534015 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532242 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16534015 }} </ref> | |||
In a | *In a study of serial angioscopy study of 17 patients with [[sirolimus]], 3 patients had visible thrombus at 21 months follow-up.<ref name="pmid17684153">{{cite journal| author=Awata M, Kotani J, Uematsu M, Morozumi T, Watanabe T, Onishi T et al.| title=Serial angioscopic evidence of incomplete neointimal coverage after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: comparison with bare-metal stents. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 910-6 | pmid=17684153 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.609057 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17684153 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 18:36, 31 May 2011
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Overview of incidence of stent thrombosis with drug eluting stent
Overall lifetime incidence of stent thrombosis(ST) in patients with drug eluting stent(DES), from multiple trials is in the range of 0.5-2%. How ever there is wide variation of the incidence depending on the multiple variables which influence its occurrence.
- In a study of 3548 registry patients who received a DES, the cumulative incidence of definite, probable or possible ST was 1.8%. The incidence for definite ST was 0.65% over a 15 month period.[1]
- In a study of 1911 patients with DES and a follow up to a median 19.4 months , the overall incidence of ST was 0.8%.[2]
- In a study of 1731 patients undergoing sirolimus eluting stent(SES) implantation the cumulative one year ST rate was 1.7%. This number was 3.2% for diabetics.[3]
- In a “real world” observational study involving 15157 patients with SES acturial incidence of ST at 12 months was 0.87%.[4]
Incidence of early stent thrombosis with drug eluting stent
This group would include
- Intra-procedural ST
- Acute ST: up to 24 hrs
- Subacute ST: 24 hrs to 30 days
- Intra-procedural ST occurred in 0.7% of patients in a study of 670 patients with 1362 lesions who received a SES. The average stent length was 42.9 ± 28.3 mm.[5]
- A rate of 0.5% of acute ST was observed in a study of 1911 patients who were treated with aspirin, clopidogrel and on the discretion of the treating physician.[2]
- A meta-analysis of 10 RCT involving 2602 patientes who received a DES, showed a ST rate of 0.34% by 30th day.[6]
- In the real world setting a review of the e-cypher registry involving 15157 patients with SES, rate of sub-acute ST was 0.56%.[4]
- An incidence subacute ST of 0.83 % was reported in a meta-analysis of 19 randomised controlled trails.[7]
- In a large observational study of more than 8000 patients with DES, the cumulative incidence of subacute stent thrombosis was 1.1% at 30 days. This accounted for 60% of total ST.[8]
Incidence of late stent thrombosis with drug eluting stent
This would include
- Late ST: 30 days to one year
- Very late ST: more than one year, but generally less than 3 years
- Later than 3 years
- In a study of more than 8146 patients in two academic centers, the cumulative incidence of late stent thrombosis was 1.7% at 1 year. The slope of the linear portion of the cumulative incidence curve between 30 days and 3 years indicated a steady rate of 0.6% per year.[8] Late stent thrombosis was more frequent with PES (1.8%) than with SES (1.4%). 23% of patients who developed late ST were being treated with dual antiplatelet therapy. This study concluded that late stent thrombosis was encountered steadily with no evidence of diminution up to 3 years of follow-up. Cumulative incidence of very late stent thrombosis was 2.3% at 2 years, and 2.9% at 3 years
- In 1911 patients with DES with 100% follow-up, incidence of late ST was 0.6% which was similar to that for bare metal stents. The predictors of stent thrombosis were premature antiplatelet therapy interruption, primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction, and total stent length.[2]
- A late angiographic ST rate of 0.35% (95% confidence limits 0.17% to 0.72%) was reported in a cohort of 2006 patients with 98% of the patients being followed up. The incidence of ST between 30 days to 1 year was 0.25% and incidence of very late ST was 0.15%. Also concluded that ST may occur even if the patients are stable on antiplatelet monotherapy.[9]
- An incidence late ST of 0.7 % was reported in a meta-analysis of 19 RCT.[7]
- The incidence of very late stent thrombosis more than 1 year after coronary revascularization is low, however drug-eluting stents appear to increase the risk for late thrombosis. In a meta-analysis of 14 trials analyzing 6675 patients, the incidence of very late thrombosis was 5.0 events per 1000 in drug-eluting stent patients and 5.9 events per 1000 incidence of very late thrombosis in paclitaxel stent patients. [10]
- A meta-analysis of 10 RCT involving 2602 patients with DES revealed a late ST rate of 0.23%.[6]
- In the real world setting a review of the e-cypher registry involving 15157 patients with sirolimus, incidence of late ST was 0.19% at 12months follow-up.[4]
- In a study of serial angioscopy study of 17 patients with sirolimus, 3 patients had visible thrombus at 21 months follow-up.[11]
References
- ↑ Jensen LO, Maeng M, Kaltoft A, Thayssen P, Hansen HH, Bottcher M; et al. (2007). "Stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and death after drug-eluting and bare-metal stent coronary interventions". J Am Coll Cardiol. 50 (5): 463–70. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.002. PMID 17662400.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Park DW, Park SW, Park KH, Lee BK, Kim YH, Lee CW; et al. (2006). "Frequency of and risk factors for stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation during long-term follow-up". Am J Cardiol. 98 (3): 352–6. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.02.039. PMID 16860022.
- ↑ Machecourt J, Danchin N, Lablanche JM, Fauvel JM, Bonnet JL, Marliere S; et al. (2007). "Risk factors for stent thrombosis after implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: the EVASTENT Matched-Cohort Registry". J Am Coll Cardiol. 50 (6): 501–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.051. PMID 17678732.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Urban P, Gershlick AH, Guagliumi G, Guyon P, Lotan C, Schofer J; et al. (2006). "Safety of coronary sirolimus-eluting stents in daily clinical practice: one-year follow-up of the e-Cypher registry". Circulation. 113 (11): 1434–41. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532242. PMID 16534015.
- ↑ Chieffo A, Bonizzoni E, Orlic D, Stankovic G, Rogacka R, Airoldi F; et al. (2004). "Intraprocedural stent thrombosis during implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents". Circulation. 109 (22): 2732–6. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000131890.83839.5B. PMID 15148281.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Moreno R, Fernández C, Hernández R, Alfonso F, Angiolillo DJ, Sabaté M; et al. (2005). "Drug-eluting stent thrombosis: results from a pooled analysis including 10 randomized studies". J Am Coll Cardiol. 45 (6): 954–9. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.065. PMID 15766835.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Roiron C, Sanchez P, Bouzamondo A, Lechat P, Montalescot G (2006). "Drug eluting stents: an updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Heart. 92 (5): 641–9. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.061622. PMC 1860942. PMID 16216853.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Daemen J, Wenaweser P, Tsuchida K, Abrecht L, Vaina S, Morger C; et al. (2007). "Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: data from a large two-institutional cohort study". Lancet. 369 (9562): 667–78. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60314-6. PMID 17321312.
- ↑ Ong AT, McFadden EP, Regar E, de Jaegere PP, van Domburg RT, Serruys PW (2005). "Late angiographic stent thrombosis (LAST) events with drug-eluting stents". J Am Coll Cardiol. 45 (12): 2088–92. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.086. PMID 15963413.
- ↑ Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Helton TJ, Borek PP, Mood GR, Bhatt DL (2006). "Late thrombosis of drug-eluting stents: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Am J Med. 119 (12): 1056–61. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.01.023. PMID 17145250.
- ↑ Awata M, Kotani J, Uematsu M, Morozumi T, Watanabe T, Onishi T; et al. (2007). "Serial angioscopic evidence of incomplete neointimal coverage after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: comparison with bare-metal stents". Circulation. 116 (8): 910–6. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.609057. PMID 17684153.