Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis primary prevention: Difference between revisions

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{{Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis}}
{{Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis}}
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SCh}}{{AY}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
* Most episodes of [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]] (SBP) are thought to result from bacterial translocation from the gut.
No [[primary prevention]] described for SBP but early diagnosis and initiating [[Antibiotic|empiric antibiotic treatment]] is crucial for improving the prognosis.
* Given the risk of resistance and alteration of gut flora, this long-term antibiotic [[prophylaxis]] should be reserved for high-risk patients only.
* Identified risk factors for the development of SBP include:<ref name="pmid19475696">{{cite journal| author=Runyon BA, AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee| title=Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. | journal=Hepatology | year= 2009 | volume= 49 | issue= 6 | pages= 2087-107 | pmid=19475696 | doi=10.1002/hep.22853 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19475696  }} </ref>
** Ascitic fluid [[total protein]] less than 1.0 g/dL,
** [[Variceal bleeding|Variceal]] hemorrhage, and a
** Prior episode of SBP.
* A variety of [[randomized controlled trials]] of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with ascites have shown a benefit for the prevention of development of SBP.


==Primary prevention==
==Primary prevention==
* Cirrhotic patients with low protein ascites (less than 1.0 g/dL) and
No [[primary prevention]] described for SBP but early diagnosis and initiating [[Antibiotic|empiric antibiotic treatment]] is crucial for improving the prognosis.
* Either impaired renal or liver function and [[immunosuppression]] while the patient is at hospital are at increased risk of developing SBP. 
* Although some controversy exists regarding the use of prophylactic antibiotics in patients who have never had SBP (primary prophylaxis), in one randomized trial, daily oral [[norfloxacin]] in patients with more advanced liver disease prevented the development of [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]] and [[hepatorenal syndrome]] and improved survival at 3 months when compared with those who received placebo.
* The [[AASLD guidelines classification scheme|AASLD]] guidelines suggest using long-term antibiotic prophylaxis in patients who have:
** Ascitic fluid total protein less than 1.5 g/dL and at least one of the following:
** Serum [[creatinine]] greater than or equal to 1.2 mg/dL,
** [[Blood urea nitrogen]] greater than or equal to 25 mg/dL,
** Serum [[sodium]] less than or equal to 130 mEq/L, or
** Child-Turcotte-Pugh greater than or equal to 9 points (with [[bilirubin]] greater than or equal to 3 mg/dL).<ref name="pmid17854593">{{cite journal| author=Fernández J, Navasa M, Planas R, Montoliu S, Monfort D, Soriano G et al.| title=Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 2007 | volume= 133 | issue= 3 | pages= 818-24 | pmid=17854593 | doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.065 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17854593  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9049193">{{cite journal| author=Novella M, Solà R, Soriano G, Andreu M, Gana J, Ortiz J et al.| title=Continuous versus inpatient prophylaxis of the first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with norfloxacin. | journal=Hepatology | year= 1997 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 532-6 | pmid=9049193 | doi=10.1002/hep.510250306 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9049193  }} </ref>
 
===Specific measures for high-risk cases===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" width="75%"
! '''Cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage''' !! '''Non-bleeding cirrhotic patients with ascites'''
|-
|
* Between 25% and 65% of cirrhotic patients with [[gastrointestinal bleeding]] develop bacterial infection, including [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]].
* Antibiotic prophylaxis in this setting has been shown to decrease the risk of bacterial infections, the risk of re-bleeding, and overall [[mortality]].
* In one [[meta-analysis]] of five trials, antibiotic prophylaxis in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal bleeding demonstrated a 9% increase in survival. 
* Indeed, the use of prophylactic antibiotics in this setting is thought to have contributed significantly to the reduced mortality in patients with variceal bleeding (from 43% to 15% over the past two decades).
* In this situation, the [[AASLD guidelines classification scheme|AASLD]] guidelines recommend using a 7-day course of intravenous [[ceftriaxone]] or twice daily oral [[norfloxacin]].
** [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg PO BID X 7days<ref name="BernardGrangé1999">{{cite journal|last1=Bernard|first1=Brigitte|last2=Grangé|first2=Jean-Didier|last3=Khac|first3=Eric Nguyen|last4=Amiot|first4=Xavier|last5=Opolon|first5=Pierre|last6=Poynard|first6=Thierry|title=Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: A meta-analysis|journal=Hepatology|volume=29|issue=6|year=1999|pages=1655–1661|issn=02709139|doi=10.1002/hep.510290608}}</ref>
** If the patient is NPO [[Ceftriaxone]] 1 g IV Q24H can be used                                                                                                     
** Switch to [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500 mg PO BID once bleeding is controlled
|valign=top|
* [[TMP/SMX]] 1 DS PO once daily or
* [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg PO daily if [[sulfa]] allergic.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
* Intermittent dosing of antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections may be inferior to daily dosing (due to the development of bacterial resistance) and thus daily dosing should preferentially be used.<ref name="Fernández2002">{{cite journal|last1=Fernández|first1=J|title=Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: Epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis|journal=Hepatology|volume=35|issue=1|year=2002|pages=140–148|issn=02709139|doi=10.1053/jhep.2002.30082}}</ref><ref name="urlNational Guideline Clearinghouse | Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update.">{{cite web |url=http://guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=14887&search=ascitis |title=National Guideline Clearinghouse &#124; Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Primary prophylaxis with [[norfloxacin]] has a great impact in the clinical course of patients with advanced [[cirrhosis]]. It reduces the incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, delays the development of [[hepatorenal syndrome]], and improves survival.<ref name="FernándezNavasa2007">{{cite journal|last1=Fernández|first1=Javier|last2=Navasa|first2=Miquel|last3=Planas|first3=Ramón|last4=Montoliu|first4=Silvia|last5=Monfort|first5=David|last6=Soriano|first6=German|last7=Vila|first7=Carmen|last8=Pardo|first8=Alberto|last9=Quintero|first9=Enrique|last10=Vargas|first10=Victor|last11=Such|first11=Jose|last12=Ginès|first12=Pere|last13=Arroyo|first13=Vicente|title=Primary Prophylaxis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Delays Hepatorenal Syndrome and Improves Survival in Cirrhosis|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=133|issue=3|year=2007|pages=818–824|issn=00165085|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.065}}</ref>
|}<br clear="left" />
==='''General long-term measures'''===
* Abstinence from [[alcohol]].
* Improvement in [[nutrition]] and general status of the patient.
* Aggressive treatment and eradication of localized [[infections]] before dissemination.
* Measures directed at reducing the risk of [[gastrointestinal bleeding]] or the development of [[ascites]], like surgical portacaval shunts or trans-jugular intrahepatic portasystemic stent-shunts, may help prevent SBP.
* [[Diuretic]] therapy decreases the AF volume and has been shown to significantly increase the AF opsonic activity, theoretically helping to prevent the development of SBP.<ref name="pmid9798013">{{cite journal| author=Such J, Runyon BA| title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1998 | volume= 27 | issue= 4 | pages= 669-74; quiz 675-6 | pmid=9798013 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9798013  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 00:15, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shivani Chaparala M.B.B.S [2]Ahmed Younes M.B.B.CH [3]

Overview

No primary prevention described for SBP but early diagnosis and initiating empiric antibiotic treatment is crucial for improving the prognosis.

Primary prevention

No primary prevention described for SBP but early diagnosis and initiating empiric antibiotic treatment is crucial for improving the prognosis.

References