Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.
Overview
The prevalence of sleep apnea in general are in the range of 3,000-7,000 per 100,000. The prevalence is higher with individuals that are older than 60-65 years, males, and certain races such as African Americans.
Prevalence
- Estimates of disease prevalence in general are in the range of 3,000-7,000 per 100,000[1]
- The prevalence of sleep apnea is 3,000-7,000 per 100,000 for adult men and 2,000-5,000 per 100,000 for adult women in the general population[2]
- The prevalence is similar worldwide which suggests the disease is common in developed and developing countries[2]
Age
- The true incidence of sleep apnea among various age groups is difficult to estimate. Sleep apnea is a chronic disorder that often manifests more frequently among elderly patients. Accordingly, sleep apnea is often diagnosed at older age.
- The prevalence of sleep apnea is 2-3 greater in individuals older than 60-65 years[3]
Gender
- The male to female ratio is 2-3 to 1[4]
- This may be due to males typically having a larger neck circumference and a longer pharyngeal airway, which makes them more susceptible to sleep apnea
- Postmenopausal women have 2-3 times greater risk of moderate-to-severe OSA compared with premenopausal women[5][6][7]
Race
- African-Americans have a 2-3 times greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea than Caucasians[8]
- Chinese and Caucasians have the same prevalence
- Chinese patients with OSA have a more crowded upper airway and relative retrognathia compared to Caucasians - therefore OSA in the Chinese is due to craniofacial factors rather than obesity[9]
- Central sleep apnea is prevalent according to the underlying cause
- For example, it can occur in up to 24% of chronic opiate users[10]
References
- ↑ Punjabi NM (2008). "The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (2): 136–43. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. PMC 2645248. PMID 18250205.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Punjabi, N. M. (2008). "The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 5 (2): 136–143. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. ISSN 1546-3222.
- ↑ Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A (1998). "Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157 (1): 144–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079. PMID 9445292.
- ↑ Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V (1994). "Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149 (3 Pt 1): 722–6. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118642. PMID 8118642.
- ↑ Hla KM, Young TB, Bidwell T, Palta M, Skatrud JB, Dempsey J (1994). "Sleep apnea and hypertension. A population-based study". Ann. Intern. Med. 120 (5): 382–8. PMID 8304655. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Shahar E, Redline S, Young T; et al. (2003). "Hormone replacement therapy and sleep-disordered breathing". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167 (9): 1186–92. doi:10.1164/rccm.200210-1238OC. PMID 12531779. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Young T, Finn L, Austin D, Peterson A (2003). "Menopausal status and sleep-disordered breathing in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167 (9): 1181–5. doi:10.1164/rccm.200209-1055OC. PMID 12615621. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S (2001). "The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163 (4): 947–50. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005136. PMID 11282771.
- ↑ Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL (2007). "Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis". Chest. 132 (1): 325–37. doi:10.1378/chest.07-0040. PMC 2813513. PMID 17625094.
- ↑ Wang D, Teichtahl H, Drummer O, Goodman C, Cherry G, Cunnington D; et al. (2005). "Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients". Chest. 128 (3): 1348–56. doi:10.1378/chest.128.3.1348. PMID 16162728.