Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(5 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 4: Line 4:


==Overview==
==Overview==
The prevalence of sleep apnea in general are in the range of 3,000-7,000 per 100,000. The prevalence is higher with individuals that are older than 60-65 years, males, and certain races such as African Americans.  
The true prevalence of sleep apnea is difficult to estimate because mild cases may remain undiagnosed, and the majority of patients only present following the development of clinical manifestations. Sleep apnea is a chronic disorder, and clinical manifestations often develop as the disease progresses. Accordingly, elderly patients are more commonly diagnosed with sleep apnea than younger adults. Male gender and African American race are associated with higher prevalence of sleep apnea compared with female gender and other ethnicities.


==Prevalence==
==Prevalence==
*Estimates of disease prevalence in general are in the range of 3,000-7,000 per 100,000<ref name="pmid18250205">{{cite journal| author=Punjabi NM| title=The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. | journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 136-43 | pmid=18250205 | doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG | pmc=PMC2645248 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18250205  }} </ref>
*The true prevalence of sleep apnea is difficult to estimate because mild cases may remain undiagnosed, and the majority of patients only present following the development of clinical manifestations.
*3,000-7,000 per 100,000 for adult men and 2,000-5,000 per 100,000 for adult women in the general population<ref name="Punjabi2008">{{cite journal|last1=Punjabi|first1=N. M.|title=The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=5|issue=2|year=2008|pages=136–143|issn=1546-3222|doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG}}</ref>
 
*The prevalence is similar worldwide which suggests the disease is common in developed and developing countries<ref name="Punjabi2008">{{cite journal|last1=Punjabi|first1=N. M.|title=The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea |journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=5|issue=2|year=2008|pages=136–143|issn=1546-3222|doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG}}</ref>
*In the general population, sleep apnea prevalence is estimated to range from 3,000 to 7,000 per 100,000 individuals<ref name="pmid18250205">{{cite journal| author=Punjabi NM| title=The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. | journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 136-43 | pmid=18250205 | doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG | pmc=PMC2645248 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18250205  }} </ref>


==Age==
==Age==
*The prevalence of sleep apnea is 2-3 greater in individuals older than 60-65 years<ref name="pmid9445292">{{cite journal| author=Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A| title=Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1998 | volume= 157 | issue= 1 | pages= 144-8 | pmid=9445292 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9445292  }} </ref>
*Sleep apnea is a chronic disorder, and clinical manifestations often develop as the disease progresses. Accordingly, elderly patients are more commonly diagnosed with sleep apnea than younger adults.
*Compared with younger adults, the prevalence of sleep apnea is 2 to 3 greater among individuals older than 60-65 years of age<ref name="pmid9445292">{{cite journal| author=Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A| title=Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1998 | volume= 157 | issue= 1 | pages= 144-8 | pmid=9445292 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9445292  }} </ref>


==Gender==
==Gender==
*The male to female ratio is 2-3 to 1<ref name="pmid8118642">{{cite journal| author=Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V| title=Gender differences in  sleep disordered  breathing in a community-based sample. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1994 | volume= 149 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 722-6 | pmid=8118642 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118642 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8118642  }} </ref>
*Sleep apnea is more common among males
:*This may be due to males typically having a larger neck circumference and a longer pharyngeal airway, which makes them more susceptible to sleep apnea
*The male:female ratio ranges between 2:1 to 3:1<ref name="pmid8118642">{{cite journal| author=Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V| title=Gender differences in  sleep disordered  breathing in a community-based sample. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1994 | volume= 149 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 722-6 | pmid=8118642 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118642 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8118642  }} </ref>
*Postmenopausal women have 2-3 times greater risk of moderate-to-severe OSA compared with premenopausal women<ref name="pmid8304655">{{cite journal | author = Hla KM, Young TB, Bidwell T, Palta M, Skatrud JB, Dempsey J | title = Sleep apnea and hypertension. A population-based study | journal = Ann. Intern. Med. | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 382–8 | year = 1994 | month = March | pmid = 8304655 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid12531779">{{cite journal | author = Shahar E, Redline S, Young T, ''et al.'' | title = Hormone replacement therapy and sleep-disordered breathing | journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. | volume = 167 | issue = 9 | pages = 1186–92 | year = 2003 | month = May | pmid = 12531779 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200210-1238OC | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid12615621">{{cite journal | author = Young T, Finn L, Austin D, Peterson A | title = Menopausal status and sleep-disordered breathing in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study | journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. | volume = 167 | issue = 9 | pages = 1181–5 | year = 2003 | month = May | pmid = 12615621 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200209-1055OC | url = | issn = }}</ref>
*The prevalence of sleep apnea is approximately 3,000-7,000 per 100,000 for adult men and 2,000-5,000 per 100,000 for adult women<ref name="Punjabi2008">{{cite journal|last1=Punjabi|first1=N. M.|title=The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=5|issue=2|year=2008|pages=136–143|issn=1546-3222|doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG}}</ref>
*The increased prevalence among males may be attributable to the larger neck circumference and a longer pharyngeal airway


==Race==
==Race==
*African-Americans have a 2-3 times greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea than Caucasians<ref name="pmid11282771">{{cite journal| author=Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S| title=The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2001 | volume= 163 | issue= 4 | pages= 947-50 | pmid=11282771 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005136 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11282771  }} </ref>
*Compared with Caucasian and Asian race, African-American race is associated with a 2-3 fold increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea<ref name="pmid11282771">{{cite journal| author=Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S| title=The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2001 | volume= 163 | issue= 4 | pages= 947-50 | pmid=11282771 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005136 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11282771  }} </ref>
*Chinese and Caucasians have the same prevalence
:*Sleep apnea due to craniofacial factors is more frequently observed among Chinese patients than among Caucasians.<ref name="pmid17625094">{{cite journal| author=Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL| title=Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis. | journal=Chest | year= 2007 | volume= 132 | issue= 1 | pages= 325-37 | pmid=17625094 | doi=10.1378/chest.07-0040 | pmc=PMC2813513 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17625094  }} </ref>
:*Chinese patients with OSA have a more crowded upper airway and relative retrognathia compared to Caucasians - therefore OSA in the Chinese is due to craniofacial factors rather than obesity<ref name="pmid17625094">{{cite journal| author=Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL| title=Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis. | journal=Chest | year= 2007 | volume= 132 | issue= 1 | pages= 325-37 | pmid=17625094 | doi=10.1378/chest.07-0040 | pmc=PMC2813513 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17625094  }} </ref>
*The predilection of central sleep apnea based on race is unknown.
*Central sleep apnea is prevalent according to the underlying cause
:*For example, it can occur in up to 24% of chronic opiate users<ref name="pmid16162728">{{cite journal| author=Wang D, Teichtahl H, Drummer O, Goodman C, Cherry G, Cunnington D et al.| title=Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients. | journal=Chest | year= 2005 | volume= 128 | issue= 3 | pages= 1348-56 | pmid=16162728 | doi=10.1378/chest.128.3.1348 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16162728  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}


[[Category:Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 00:12, 30 July 2020

Sleep Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Sleep apnea from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Polysomnography

Home Oximetry

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics

Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Sleep apnea

Risk calculators and risk factors for Sleep apnea epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.

Overview

The true prevalence of sleep apnea is difficult to estimate because mild cases may remain undiagnosed, and the majority of patients only present following the development of clinical manifestations. Sleep apnea is a chronic disorder, and clinical manifestations often develop as the disease progresses. Accordingly, elderly patients are more commonly diagnosed with sleep apnea than younger adults. Male gender and African American race are associated with higher prevalence of sleep apnea compared with female gender and other ethnicities.

Prevalence

  • The true prevalence of sleep apnea is difficult to estimate because mild cases may remain undiagnosed, and the majority of patients only present following the development of clinical manifestations.
  • In the general population, sleep apnea prevalence is estimated to range from 3,000 to 7,000 per 100,000 individuals[1]

Age

  • Sleep apnea is a chronic disorder, and clinical manifestations often develop as the disease progresses. Accordingly, elderly patients are more commonly diagnosed with sleep apnea than younger adults.
  • Compared with younger adults, the prevalence of sleep apnea is 2 to 3 greater among individuals older than 60-65 years of age[2]

Gender

  • Sleep apnea is more common among males
  • The male:female ratio ranges between 2:1 to 3:1[3]
  • The prevalence of sleep apnea is approximately 3,000-7,000 per 100,000 for adult men and 2,000-5,000 per 100,000 for adult women[4]
  • The increased prevalence among males may be attributable to the larger neck circumference and a longer pharyngeal airway

Race

  • Compared with Caucasian and Asian race, African-American race is associated with a 2-3 fold increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea[5]
  • Sleep apnea due to craniofacial factors is more frequently observed among Chinese patients than among Caucasians.[6]
  • The predilection of central sleep apnea based on race is unknown.

References

  1. Punjabi NM (2008). "The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (2): 136–43. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. PMC 2645248. PMID 18250205.
  2. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A (1998). "Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157 (1): 144–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079. PMID 9445292.
  3. Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V (1994). "Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149 (3 Pt 1): 722–6. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118642. PMID 8118642.
  4. Punjabi, N. M. (2008). "The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 5 (2): 136–143. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. ISSN 1546-3222.
  5. Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S (2001). "The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163 (4): 947–50. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005136. PMID 11282771.
  6. Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL (2007). "Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis". Chest. 132 (1): 325–37. doi:10.1378/chest.07-0040. PMC 2813513. PMID 17625094.

Template:WikiDoc Sources