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'''To go back to Lyme disease main page, click [[Lyme disease|here]]''' | '''To go back to Lyme disease main page, click [[Lyme disease|here]]''' | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
* | * [[Lyme disease]] is a condition commonly caused by bite of a tick infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. | ||
==What are the symptoms of | ==What are the symptoms of Lyme disease?== | ||
* | {| | ||
* | | | ||
* It's important to know the symptoms of Lyme disease and to seek medical help if you think have Lyme disease. | |||
*Early signs and symptoms (3 to 30 days after tick bite): | |||
**The first symptom is usually a red rash at the site of tick bite, which may look like a bull's eye. But not all people with Lyme disease have a rash. The rash is called erythema chronicum migrans or erythema migrans (EM). | |||
***EM occurs in approximately 70 to 80 percent of infected persons. | |||
***EM begins at the site of a tick bite after a delay of 3 to 30 days (average is about 7 days). | |||
***Em expands gradually over a period of days reaching up to 12 inches or more (30 cm) across. | |||
***EM may feel warm to the touch but is rarely itchy or painful. | |||
***Sometimes, EM clears as it enlarges, resulting in a target or “bull’s-eye” appearance. | |||
***EM may appear on any area of the body but majority of times present in areas including axilla, inguinal region, popliteal fossa, or along belt line. | |||
**The rash may or may not be associated with flu-like symptoms including: | |||
***Fever and/or chills | |||
***Headache | |||
***Body aches | |||
***Joint aches | |||
***Headaches | |||
***Stiff neck | |||
***Fatigue | |||
| | |||
[[Image:Classic Lyme disease rash.jpg|thumb|250px|center|Classic Lyme disease rash - [https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/rashes.html Source: CDC.gov]]] | |||
|} | |||
*Later Signs and Symptoms (days to months after tick bite): | |||
**Severe headaches and neck stiffness | |||
***Multiple EM rashes on other areas of the body | |||
***Arthritis with severe joint pain and swelling, particularly the knees and other large joints. | |||
***Facial palsy (loss of muscle tone or droop on one or both sides of the face) | |||
***Intermittent pain in tendons, muscles, joints, and bones | |||
***Heart palpitations or an irregular heart beat (Lyme carditis) | |||
***Episodes of dizziness or shortness of breath | |||
***Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord | |||
***Nerve pain | |||
***Shooting pains, numbness, or tingling in the hands or feet | |||
***Problems with short-term memory | |||
{| | |||
| | |||
===Notes=== | |||
*Fever and other flu-like symptoms may occur in the absence of rash. | |||
*A small bump or redness at the site of a tick bite that occurs immediately and resembles a mosquito bite, is common. This irritation generally goes away in 1-2 days and is not a sign of Lyme disease. | |||
*A rash with a very similar appearance to EM occurs with Southern Tick-associated Rash Illness (STARI), but is not Lyme disease* | |||
*Ticks can spread other organisms that may cause a different type of rash. | |||
==What causes | ==What causes Lyme disease?== | ||
* | * Lyme disease is caused by a bacterial infection you get from bite of an infected tick. | ||
* | *The majority of Lyme disease in North America is caused by bite of black-legged tick, or deer tick(''[[Ixodes Scapularis]]''). | ||
*Other ticks that transmit Lyme disease are [[Ixodes ricinus|sheep tick]], [[Ixodes ricinus|castor bean tick]], or [[Ixodes ricinus|European castor bean tick]] (''[[Ixodes ricinus]]'') in the Europe; [[Ixodes pacificus|Western black legged tick]] (''[[Ixodes pacificus]]'') in the Pacific region of North America; taiga tick (''Ixodes persulactus'') Europe, Central and Northern Asia, China, and Japan. | |||
*Only 20% of individuals [[Infection|infected]] with [[Lyme disease]] by the [[Ixodes scapularis|deer tick]] are aware of having had any [[tick]] bite. | |||
| | |||
[[Image:Ixodes scapularis.png|center|200px|thumb|'''''I. scapularis'', the primary vector of Lyme disease in Eastern North America''' - Source: Gross L (2006) A New View on Lyme Disease: Rodents Hold the Key to Annual Risk. PLoS Biol 4(6): e182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040182 | |||
]] | |||
|} | |||
==Who is at highest risk?== | ==Who is at highest risk?== | ||
Individuals who spend time outdoors and/or have pets that go outdoors in [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] regions are at risk for [[tick-borne disease]]. <ref name="TGI CDC”">General Information (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/index.html Accessed on December 30, 2015</ref> | |||
* | ===Exposure to ticks=== | ||
*Individuals with frequent exposure to dogs and who reside near wooded areas or areas with high grass may also be at increased risk of [[tick-borne infection]]. | |||
*Individuals with outdoor occupations and who work outside with bare or exposed [[skin]] are at a high risk of contracting Lyme disease. | |||
*Failing to remove a [[tick]] as soon as you see it on your [[skin]] (the longer a [[tick]] is attached to your skin, the greater your risk of developing [[Lyme disease]]) also increases risk of developing Lyme disease.<ref name="urlLyme disease: All - MayoClinic.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/lyme-disease/DS00116/METHOD=print&DSECTION=all |title=Lyme disease: All - MayoClinic.com |format= |work= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref> | |||
* | ===Endemic Regions=== | ||
*About 95% of all reported cases are confined to 14 states including Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin.<ref name="urlLyme disease data tables | Lyme Disease | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/tables.html |title=Lyme disease data tables | Lyme Disease | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlData and Statistics | Lyme Disease | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/index.html |title=Data and Statistics | Lyme Disease | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
*Any individual traveling or living within these five geographic areas including New England, Mid-Atlantic, East-North Central, South Atlantic, and West North-Central is at a heightened risk of exposure to [[Lyme disease]]. | |||
* | ===Seasonal Variation=== | ||
*The majority of [[Lyme disease]] cases are reported during the summer months of May to August. | |||
*Case incidence increases in May, peaks in June and July, and tapers off in August. | |||
===Rarer forms of Transmission=== | |||
* Cases of [[blood transfusion]] and [[organ transplantation]] have been recorded as methods of [[Transmission (medicine)|transmission]] but this is a rare mode of transmission. <ref name="translyme">Lyme disease transmission. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/transmission/index.html Accessed February 9, 2016. </ref> | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
*Following points should be taken into consideration in order to make a diagnosis of Lyme disease: | |||
* | **A history of exposure to potentially infected ticks, especially in areas of the country known to have Lyme disease. | ||
**Symptoms, including physical findings such as the characteristic rash. | |||
* | **Results of blood tests that check for antibodies to the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. | ||
* | |||
==When to seek urgent medical care?== | ==When to seek urgent medical care?== | ||
* | *Lyme disease is rarely fatal. | ||
* | |||
* | |||
==Treatment options== | ==Treatment options== | ||
* | *According to CDC, patients treated with antibiotics in the early stages of the infection usually recover rapidly and completely. | ||
*Antibiotics commonly used for oral treatment include doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil (Ceftin). | |||
* | *Patients with certain neurological or cardiac forms of illness may require intravenous treatment with drugs such as ceftriaxone or penicillin. | ||
* | |||
==Where to find medical care for | ==Where to find medical care for Lyme disease?== | ||
*In this section you can provide links for reputable places that the patient can find good treatment for there condition. | *In this section you can provide links for reputable places that the patient can find good treatment for there condition. | ||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
*Educate yourself about Lyme disease, and try not to get bitten by ticks. More specifically: | |||
* | *Avoid wooded, brushy, and grassy areas, especially in May, June, and July. (Contact the local health department or park/extension service for information on the prevalence of ticks in specific areas.) | ||
*Wear light-colored clothing so that you can see ticks that get on you. | |||
* | *Wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts. | ||
*Wear shoes that cover the entire foot. Tuck pant legs into socks or shoes, and tuck shirts into pants. | |||
*Wear a hat for extra protection. | |||
*Spray insect repellent containing DEET on clothes and exposed skin other than the face, or treat clothes with permethrin, which kills ticks on contact. | |||
*Walk in the center of trails to avoid brush and grass. | |||
*Remove your clothing, and wash and dry them at high temperatures after being outdoors. | |||
*Do a careful body check for ticks after outdoor activities. | |||
*If a tick is attached to you, remove it! | |||
**Using tweezers, grasp the tick close to the skin, pull straight back, and avoid crushing the tick's body. | |||
**Save the tick for possible identification by a doctor or the local health department. | |||
==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?== | ==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?== | ||
*For early cases, prompt treatment is usually curative. | |||
* | *However, the severity and treatment of Lyme disease may be complicated due to: | ||
**Late diagnosis | |||
* | **Failure of antibiotic treatment | ||
**Coinfection with other tick-borne diseases including Ehrlichiosis and Babesiosis | |||
* | **Immune suppression in the patient | ||
*Some patients with Lyme disease have fatigue, joint and/or muscle pain, and neurocognitive symptoms persisting for years despite antibiotic treatment. | |||
*Patients with late stage Lyme disease have been shown to experience a level of physical disability similar to that seen in congestive heart failure. | |||
*Though rare, Lyme disease can be fatal. | |||
==Possible complications== | ==Possible complications== | ||
*Late Lyme disease can cause long-term joint inflammation (Lyme arthritis) and heart rhythm problems. Brain and nervous system problems are also possible, and may include: | |||
* | **Decreased concentration | ||
**Memory disturbances | |||
* | **Nerve damage | ||
**Numbness | |||
**Pain | |||
**Paralysis of the face muscles | |||
**Sleep disorders | |||
**Vision problems | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
* https://medlineplus.gov/lymedisease.html | |||
* https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html | |||
* https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm049298.htm | |||
* Place your patient page in the patient information category as well as any other doctor categories the condition may fit into. To place a category onto a page, use the following code: | * Place your patient page in the patient information category as well as any other doctor categories the condition may fit into. To place a category onto a page, use the following code: | ||
**<nowiki>[[Category:Patient information]]</nowiki> | **<nowiki>[[Category:Patient information]]</nowiki> | ||
* As with all WikiDoc pages, create hyperlinks for key words and diseases. However, make sure that the hyperlinks link to other patient's information pages and not to regular WikiDoc pages. | * As with all WikiDoc pages, create hyperlinks for key words and diseases. However, make sure that the hyperlinks link to other patient's information pages and not to regular WikiDoc pages. | ||
** Example: Heart failure should be linked to <nowiki>[[Congestive heart failure (patient information)]]</nowiki> and not to <nowiki> [[Heart failure]]</nowiki>. | ** Example: Heart failure should be linked to <nowiki>[[Congestive heart failure (patient information)]]</nowiki> and not to <nowiki> [[Heart failure]]</nowiki>. | ||
[[Category:Help]] | [[Category:Help]] |
Revision as of 16:43, 7 August 2017
To go back to Lyme disease main page, click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
- Lyme disease is a condition commonly caused by bite of a tick infected with Borrelia burgdorferi.
What are the symptoms of Lyme disease?
|
- Later Signs and Symptoms (days to months after tick bite):
- Severe headaches and neck stiffness
- Multiple EM rashes on other areas of the body
- Arthritis with severe joint pain and swelling, particularly the knees and other large joints.
- Facial palsy (loss of muscle tone or droop on one or both sides of the face)
- Intermittent pain in tendons, muscles, joints, and bones
- Heart palpitations or an irregular heart beat (Lyme carditis)
- Episodes of dizziness or shortness of breath
- Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
- Nerve pain
- Shooting pains, numbness, or tingling in the hands or feet
- Problems with short-term memory
- Severe headaches and neck stiffness
Notes
What causes Lyme disease?
|
Who is at highest risk?
Individuals who spend time outdoors and/or have pets that go outdoors in endemic regions are at risk for tick-borne disease. [1]
Exposure to ticks
- Individuals with frequent exposure to dogs and who reside near wooded areas or areas with high grass may also be at increased risk of tick-borne infection.
- Individuals with outdoor occupations and who work outside with bare or exposed skin are at a high risk of contracting Lyme disease.
- Failing to remove a tick as soon as you see it on your skin (the longer a tick is attached to your skin, the greater your risk of developing Lyme disease) also increases risk of developing Lyme disease.[2]
Endemic Regions
- About 95% of all reported cases are confined to 14 states including Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin.[3][4]
- Any individual traveling or living within these five geographic areas including New England, Mid-Atlantic, East-North Central, South Atlantic, and West North-Central is at a heightened risk of exposure to Lyme disease.
Seasonal Variation
- The majority of Lyme disease cases are reported during the summer months of May to August.
- Case incidence increases in May, peaks in June and July, and tapers off in August.
Rarer forms of Transmission
- Cases of blood transfusion and organ transplantation have been recorded as methods of transmission but this is a rare mode of transmission. [5]
Diagnosis
- Following points should be taken into consideration in order to make a diagnosis of Lyme disease:
- A history of exposure to potentially infected ticks, especially in areas of the country known to have Lyme disease.
- Symptoms, including physical findings such as the characteristic rash.
- Results of blood tests that check for antibodies to the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
When to seek urgent medical care?
- Lyme disease is rarely fatal.
Treatment options
- According to CDC, patients treated with antibiotics in the early stages of the infection usually recover rapidly and completely.
- Antibiotics commonly used for oral treatment include doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil (Ceftin).
- Patients with certain neurological or cardiac forms of illness may require intravenous treatment with drugs such as ceftriaxone or penicillin.
Where to find medical care for Lyme disease?
- In this section you can provide links for reputable places that the patient can find good treatment for there condition.
Prevention
- Educate yourself about Lyme disease, and try not to get bitten by ticks. More specifically:
- Avoid wooded, brushy, and grassy areas, especially in May, June, and July. (Contact the local health department or park/extension service for information on the prevalence of ticks in specific areas.)
- Wear light-colored clothing so that you can see ticks that get on you.
- Wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts.
- Wear shoes that cover the entire foot. Tuck pant legs into socks or shoes, and tuck shirts into pants.
- Wear a hat for extra protection.
- Spray insect repellent containing DEET on clothes and exposed skin other than the face, or treat clothes with permethrin, which kills ticks on contact.
- Walk in the center of trails to avoid brush and grass.
- Remove your clothing, and wash and dry them at high temperatures after being outdoors.
- Do a careful body check for ticks after outdoor activities.
- If a tick is attached to you, remove it!
- Using tweezers, grasp the tick close to the skin, pull straight back, and avoid crushing the tick's body.
- Save the tick for possible identification by a doctor or the local health department.
What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
- For early cases, prompt treatment is usually curative.
- However, the severity and treatment of Lyme disease may be complicated due to:
- Late diagnosis
- Failure of antibiotic treatment
- Coinfection with other tick-borne diseases including Ehrlichiosis and Babesiosis
- Immune suppression in the patient
- Some patients with Lyme disease have fatigue, joint and/or muscle pain, and neurocognitive symptoms persisting for years despite antibiotic treatment.
- Patients with late stage Lyme disease have been shown to experience a level of physical disability similar to that seen in congestive heart failure.
- Though rare, Lyme disease can be fatal.
Possible complications
- Late Lyme disease can cause long-term joint inflammation (Lyme arthritis) and heart rhythm problems. Brain and nervous system problems are also possible, and may include:
- Decreased concentration
- Memory disturbances
- Nerve damage
- Numbness
- Pain
- Paralysis of the face muscles
- Sleep disorders
- Vision problems
Sources
- https://medlineplus.gov/lymedisease.html
- https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html
- https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm049298.htm
- Place your patient page in the patient information category as well as any other doctor categories the condition may fit into. To place a category onto a page, use the following code:
- [[Category:Patient information]]
- As with all WikiDoc pages, create hyperlinks for key words and diseases. However, make sure that the hyperlinks link to other patient's information pages and not to regular WikiDoc pages.
- Example: Heart failure should be linked to [[Congestive heart failure (patient information)]] and not to [[Heart failure]].
- ↑ General Information (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/index.html Accessed on December 30, 2015
- ↑ "Lyme disease: All - MayoClinic.com". Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ↑ "Lyme disease data tables | Lyme Disease | CDC".
- ↑ "Data and Statistics | Lyme Disease | CDC".
- ↑ Lyme disease transmission. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/transmission/index.html Accessed February 9, 2016.