|
|
| (116 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| __NOTOC____NOTOC__
| | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Hyperparathyroidism}}
| |
|
| |
|
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Anmol}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Anmol}} |
|
| |
|
| == Classification == | | ==Tables== |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| ! colspan="4" |Classification of hyperparathyridism | | |+ |
| | !Diagnosis |
| | !Lab findings |
| | ! |
| | ! |
| |- | | |- |
| |Features
| | ! |
| |'''Primary hyperparathyroidism'''
| | ! |
| |'''Secondary hyperparathyroidism'''
| | ! |
| |'''Tertiary hyperparathyroidism'''
| | ! |
| |- | | |- |
| |Pathology | | | |
| |Hyperfunction of parathyroid cells due to hyperplasia, adenoma or carcinoma. | | | |
| |Physiological stimulation of parathyroid in response to hypocalcaemia. | | | |
| |Following long term physiological stimulation leading to hyperplasia. | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| |Cause | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| |Associations | | | |
| |May be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia. | | | |
| |Usually due to chronic renal failure or other causes of Vitamin D deficiency. | | | |
| |Seen in chronic renal failure. | | | |
| |-
| |
| |Serum calcium
| |
| |High
| |
| |Low/Normal
| |
| |High
| |
| |-
| |
| |Serum phosphate
| |
| |Low/Normal
| |
| |High
| |
| |High
| |
| |-
| |
| |Management
| |
| |Usually surgery if symptomatic. Cincacalcet can be considered in those not fit for surgery.
| |
| |Treatment of underlying cause.
| |
| |Usually cinacalcet or surgery in those that don't respond.
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| |
| =Epidemiology PE & DVT=
| |
| ===Incidence===
| |
| The incidence of VTE increases with age, ranging from less than 5 cases per 100,000 people in childhood to 500 cases per 100,000 people in the elderly.<ref name="pmid12814979">{{cite journal |author=White RH |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Circulation |volume=107 |issue=23 Suppl 1 |pages=I4–8 |year=2003 |month=June |pmid=12814979 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000078468.11849.66 |url=}}</ref> Subjects who are more than 65 years of age are at three times higher risk for VTE compared to those who are 45-54 years old.<ref name="pmid15210384">{{cite journal| author=Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, Heckbert SR, Rosamond WD, Enright P et al.| title=Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 117 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-25 | pmid=15210384 | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15210384 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Age===
| |
| The incidence of VTE increases with age, ranging from less than 5 cases per 100,000 people in childhood to 500 cases per 100,000 people in the elderly.<ref name="pmid12814979">{{cite journal |author=White RH |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Circulation |volume=107 |issue=23 Suppl 1 |pages=I4–8 |year=2003 |month=June |pmid=12814979 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000078468.11849.66 |url=}}</ref> Subjects who are more than 65 years of age are at three times higher risk for VTE compared to those who are 45-54 years old.<ref name="pmid15210384">{{cite journal| author=Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, Heckbert SR, Rosamond WD, Enright P et al.| title=Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 117 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-25 | pmid=15210384 | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15210384 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Gender===
| |
| Studies about differences in the incidence of VTE by gender have mixed results. While some reported a higher incidence of DVT among young females,<ref name="pmid9521222">{{cite journal |author=Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ |title=Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=585–93 |year=1998 |month=March |pmid=9521222 |doi= |url=}}</ref> others reported it among either older females,<ref name="pmid8154949">{{cite journal |author=Kniffin WD, Baron JA, Barrett J, Birkmeyer JD, Anderson FA |title=The epidemiology of diagnosed pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in the elderly |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=154 |issue=8 |pages=861–6 |year=1994 |month=April |pmid=8154949 |doi= |url=}}</ref> or in men.<ref name="pmid15210384">{{cite journal |author=Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, ''et al.'' |title=Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=19–25 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15210384 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlVenous Thromboembolism in Adult Hospitalizations — United States, 2007–2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6122a1.htm?s_cid=mm6122a1_w |title=Venous Thromboembolism in Adult Hospitalizations — United States, 2007–2009 |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref> In addition, the risk for DVT was reported to consistently increase with age across both genders.<ref name="pmid15210384">{{cite journal |author=Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, ''et al.'' |title=Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=19–25 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15210384 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018 |url=}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |