Sandbox:SMP
| XXX Resident Survival Guide Microchapters |
|---|
| Overview |
| Classification |
| Causes |
| FIRE |
| Diagnosis |
| Treatment |
| Do's |
| Don'ts |
Overview
Writing is quite different from speaking. in speaking you can add expression what you say. Expression means what you do with your voice, or with your hands and face, while you are talking. You can make your voice go up or down; you can make it loud or soft. You can pause. You can hesitate. You can repeat things. But In writing there are no voices or faces or hands to give expression.
written words are just flat on the page. To bring it to life , you need punctuation marks:
Full stop . Question mark ? Exclamation mark ! Comma , Colon : Semicolon ; Dash - Brackets ( )
Full stop (period or dot)
whether a sentence is short or long, it needs a full stop at the end. Full stops come at the end of certain sentences. You can put as much information into one long sentence as you can put into several short ones. Good writing is a mixture of short, medium, and long sentences.
- Example:
The management of the patient with acute decompensated heart failure depends upon whether the patient has acute decompensated systolic heart failure or acute decompensated diastolic heart failure.
Question mark ?
There are sentences which ask you something. It’s used only after questions. Questions, as you would expect, end with a question mark, and like all sentences they begin with a capital letter.
- Example:
Is the patient symptomatic?
Exclamation mark !
It is used for sentences which have anger or surprise or urgency or amusement or annoyance in them. An urgent or angry command can have an exclamation mark. Commands can be very short sometimes as short as one word.
- Example:
Comma ,
The job of the comma is to make sentences-particularly longer sentences-easier to read. When you are reading aloud, commas usually mark a slight pause, or change of voice.
Often when you name someone, or something, you need a description as well.
- Example: Oxygen improves the patient's status if hypoxemia is present, and the goal is to keep the oxygen saturation above 90%.
A comma is useful between the name and the description.
- Example: Dr. Rene Laennec, known as the father of chest medicine, described bronchitis for the first time.
Commas are also useful to show the joins in a sentence: for example, where a phrase or clause has been added, or two sentences made into one.
- Example: In cases with preexisting heart disease, the prognosis is poor, leading to mortality.
Commas are particularly important when the sentence has an extra part stuck in the middle. When this happens there should be a comma before and after the extra part.
- Example: During a streptococcal infection, activated antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, present the bacterial antigen to helper T cells.
Semicolon ;
A semicolon marks a bigger break than a comma, but is not as final as a full stop. Unlike a comma , a semicolon can go between two sentences. Use a semicolon if the sentences are alike, or belong together. Unlike full stops, semicolons can come in the middle of sentences. Use them only when you want a strong break between two parts of your sentence.
- Example: The most recent classification according to the left ventricular ejection fraction; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction vs heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Colon :
You use a colon when have a list of things coming after a heading. A colon is used before giving an example – or examples – of something. You also use a colon between two sentences, when the first one says something, and the second one says what you mean by it. Colons are often found before instructions even if they are pictures.
- Example: There are numerous systemic risk factors associated with thrombus formation following plaque rupture:
- Smoking: Smoking increases platelet aggregation and plasma epinephrine levels
- Fibrinogen: Elevated levels of fibrinogen have been associated with thrombosis including abnormal levels of fibrinogen
Brackets ( )
Brackets come in pairs, with words, phrases, or sentences inside them. Inside brackets you put thing that may be helpful, but not really necessary. Sometimes just part of a sentence is in brackets.
- Example: Atherosclerosis is the gradual buildup of cholesterol and fibrous tissue (collagen and smooth muscle cells) throughout the vascular tree.
Dash -
Dashes are sometimes used to mark a big break, or interruption, in a sentence. A dash can be used like a colon. Sometimes dashes are used instead of brackets. Dashes are very useful in writing speech and they are also very useful for showing where someone is interrupted, and doesn’t finish what they’re saying.
- Example: Pathology studies indicate that it is often mild-to-moderate, lipid-laden, inflamed plaques that are the ones most likely to rupture and cause an ST elevation MI
Start with a capital letter
When you start a new sentence, you should use a capital letter.
Proper nouns-the words which name people, places or things – also begin with a capital letter, wherever they come in a sentence.
(Waht about the disease name, for example: Diabetes
‘S and S’
For singular words you always show belonging by ‘s. Even if a singular word already ends in –s, you still add ‘s. If the word ends in –s because it’s plural, the apostrophe goes after it. If the word is plural but it doesn’t end in –s, then stick to ‘s. Don’t make the common mistake of putting an apostrophe wherever you see an s. Most words that end in –s are just plain plurals. The –s on the in is not for belonging, so there is NO apostrophe! There is an odd-one-out you have to remember: its. When its means there’s something belonging to it, there’s no apostrophe. When it’s short for it is, there is an apostrophe.
- Example:
Bullet
Bullet points help to make what you’re saying more clear. They break up blocks of text into tidy chunks so the reader can take in what you’re saying. They present lists in a clear format so people can see it’s a list.
When using bullets, be consistent throughout the document with the formatting (e.g., capital letters and punctuation at the start and end of each bullet). Choose whatever format you like, but be consistent throughout your document. Most often, bullets should be indented by at least an inch from the left margin. Also, most lists included in academic papers must be double spaced and properly referenced. The text introducing the list of bullet points should end with a colon. The first word in each entry is normally capitalized. When the entries look like titles, they may use title capitalization.
- Example:
i.e and e.g
i.e. is Latin for id est and means that is or in other words. Use i.e. before clarifying or adding to the previous statement.
- Example:
e.g. is Latin for exempli gratia and means for example. Use e.g. before listing examples of the previous statement.
- Example:
Users of American English frequently put a comma after i.e. and e.g. Note that it is not necessary to set these abbreviations in italics in normal use
Such as and as well as
It is more professional to use such as instead of like. Also, use as well as instead of and.
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Overview
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Classification
| Approach to patients with cutaneous abscess | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Systemic signs of toxicity (fever, hypotension,tachycardia) OR Extensive skin involvement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D01' D01 | D02' D02 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| E01 | E02 | E03 | E04 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||