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{|
__NOTOC__
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
| colspan="5" |'''Skin examination'''
! colspan="2" |Diagnosis
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Type
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Color
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Texture
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Size
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Distribution
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dermoscopic Findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma]]'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of skin|'''SCC in situ (Bowen's disease''')]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Scaly patch or plaque
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Erythematous
* Skin colored
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Scaly
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Fair-skinned individuals: sites frequently exposed to the sun


* In black individuals: legs, anus, areas of chronic inflammation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Presence of dotted +/- glomerular vessels
* White to yellowish surface scales
* Red-yellowish background color
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Keratinocytic dysplasia involving the full thickness of the epidermis
* No infiltration into the dermis


* Pleomorphic keratinocytes
Cardiac surgery<ref name="pmid23447502">{{cite journal| author=Aya HD, Cecconi M, Hamilton M, Rhodes A| title=Goal-directed therapy in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Anaesth | year= 2013 | volume= 110 | issue= 4 | pages= 510-7 | pmid=23447502 | doi=10.1093/bja/aet020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23447502  }} </ref>
* Hyperchromatic nuclei
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Grows slowly, enlarging over the course of years
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Invasive squamous cell carcinoma'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Papules
* Plaques
* Nodules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Skin colored
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Indurated or firm, and hyperkeratotic  (well-differentiated lesions)
* Soft with ulceration or hemorrhage (poorly differentiated lesions)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 0.5 to 1.5 cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Fair-skinned individuals: sites frequently exposed to the sun
 
* In black individuals: legs, anus, areas of chronic inflammation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* White circles
* White structureless areas
* Masses of keratin
* Hairpin and linear-irregular vessels
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Keratinocytic dysplasia involving the full thickness of the epidermis
* No infiltration into the dermis
 
* Pleomorphic keratinocytes
* Hyperchromatic nuclei
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* May be painful or pruritic
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Keratoacanthoma]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Small macule initially
* Papular and eventually forms a circumscribed nodule
* May have telangiectasias
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Skin-colored
* Mildly erythematous
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Prominent keratinous core in the center of the nodule
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-exposed areas
* Usually face (especially the eyelids, nose, cheek, and lower lip), neck, hands, and arms
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* White circles
* Keratin
* Blood spots
* White structureless zones
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Well-differentiated squamous epithelium  showing mild degrees of pleomorphism and forming masses of keratin that constitute the central core
* Epidermal hyperplasia with large eosinophilic keratinocytes
 
* Inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Rapid growth (within weeks)
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Merkel cell carcinoma]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Intracutaneous nodule
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Shiny
* Flesh-colored or bluish-red
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Firm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Rapidly growing
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Starts on Sun-exposed areas
 
* Head and neck
* Upper limbs and shoulder
* Lower limbs and hip
* Trunk
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Milky red areas
* Linear
* Irregular vessels
* Polymorphous vessels
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Strands of uniform, round, blue cells, with large basophilic nuclei
* Single-cell necrosis
* Frequent mitoses
* Lymphovascular invasion
* Perineural invasion
* Epidermal involvement via pagetoid spread
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Usually in older patients with light skin tones
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Basal cell carcinoma]]'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Nodular basal cell carcinoma]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Papule
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Flesh-colored
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Face
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Focused, bright red, and branching arborizing vessels
* Loosely arranged blue-gray dots
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* May have a "rolled" border
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Superficial basal cell carcinoma '''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Patch
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Erythematous
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Scaly
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Shiny white to red, translucent or opaque structureless areas
* Multiple small erosions
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* large, hyperchromatic, oval nuclei and little cytoplasm
* well differentiated and cells appear histologically similar to basal cells of the epidermis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Prurigo nodules'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dome-shaped nodules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Flesh-colored
* Erythematous
* Brown/black
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Firm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Few millimeters to several centimeters
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Extensor surfaces of the arms and legs and on the trunk
 
* Upper back, abdomen, and sacrum
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Thick, compact orthohyperkeratosis
* Irregular epidermal hyperplasia
* Focal parakeratosis with irregular acanthosis
* A nonspecific dermal infiltrate containing WBCs
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Nodules range in number from few to hundreds
* Worsened by heat, sweating, or irritation from clothing
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Nevus|Common nevus]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dome-shaped  nodules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Hypopigmented
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Smooth surface
* Terminal hairs  often present
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Comma-shaped or curved vessels
* Structureless light brown background
* Residual brown thick circles around the hair follicles
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Blue nevus]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Macules
* Papules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Blue
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Head and neck,
* Dorsal aspect of the distal extremities
* Sacral area
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Structureless blue pigmentation
* Structureless blue and white or blue and brown on some occasions
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Spitz nevus'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Nonpigmented Spitz nevus'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Nodules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Pink
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Cheek
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Coiled vessels
* White network over a pink to reddish background
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most commonly develops in children, adolescents, and young adults.
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Reed-like Spitz'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Papule
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Heavily pigmented
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Structureless black to gray center
* Hypopigmented follicular openings
* Peripheral streaks
* Pseudopods
* Globules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most commonly develops in children, adolescents, and young adults.
|-
| rowspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Melanoma]]'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Melanoma in situ''' (Lentigo Maligna)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Macule
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable (from light to dark brown, black, pink, red, or white)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Smooth
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Around 1 cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-damaged skin of the head or neck
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymmetric, pigmented follicular openings
* Gray angulated lines
* Gray areas, dots, and globules
* Circle within a circle
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* '''↑''' atypical spindle shaped melanocytes,
* Arranged in single cells or in small nests along the dermoepidermal junction
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Development of darker pigmentation, sharper borders, or nodular areas are signs of progression to lentigo maligna melanoma
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Lentigo maligna melanoma]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Macule
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Brown/tan
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Freckle-like
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Chronically sun-damaged areas
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymmetric, pigmented follicular openings
* Gray angulated lines
* Gray areas, dots, and globules
* Circle within a circle
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* "Star-burst giant cells" at the basal layer of the epidermis
* Poorly cohesive or dyshesive nests along the dermal-epidermal junction forming the "swallow's nest" sign
* Cytoplasm is shrunken and surrounds a pale nucleus with small nucleoli
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Usually in older individuals
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Superficial spreading melanoma]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Macule
* Plaque with irregular borders
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variably pigmented (red, blue, black, gray, and white)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Thin
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 1 mm to > 1 cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Anywhere but most commonly:
** Back (men and women)
** Lower extremities (women)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymmetric
* Poorly circumscribed
* Lack cellular maturation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Lateral (radial) growth before vertical (invasive) growth
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Nodular melanoma]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Polypoid nodule
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dark color
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Cells proliferate downwards through the skin
 
* Dermal growth in isolation or in association with an epidermal component
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Two-thirds arise in normal skin, the rest in existing moles
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Acral lentiginous melanoma]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Macules
* Patches
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dark brown to black
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Raised areas
* Ulceration
* Bleeding
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Palmar
* Plantar
* Subungual
* Mucosal surfaces
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most common among dark skinned individuals
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Amelanotic melanoma]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Color usually pink, purple or normal skin color
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Usually have an asymmetrical shape with an irregular border
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Red, nonspecific lesion with slightly elevated borders
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Do not make melanin, so lesions are not pigmented
*
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Solar lentigo]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Multiple spots
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Brown
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Around 5mm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Faint pigmented fingerprint structures
* Structureless pattern
* Light brown pseudonetwork with well-defined borders and a "moth-eaten" edge
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* '''↑''' melanin deposition in keratinocytes
* '''↑''' linear arrangement of melanocytes at the dermoepidermal junction.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Associated with UV exposure and skin aging
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Sebaceous hyperplasia]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Papules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Skin-colored to brownish
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Umbilicated
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 2 - 6 mm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Forehead
* Nose
* Cheeks
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Structureless yellow to whitish center surrounded by short linear "crown vessels"
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Usually in middle-aged or older patients
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Lichen planus-like keratosis'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Papule
* Plaque
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Gray to brown
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Shows a coarse or fine, gray to blue, granular pigmentation
* Diffuse brownish gray granules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Seborrheic keratosis'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Actinic keratosis]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |less pigmentation, and tend to be somewhat smaller in size.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Erythema
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperkeratosis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painful
|}
SCC in situ: Frequently, there is associated thickening of the epidermis (acanthosis), as well as hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis of the stratum corneum. In contrast to SCC in situ, actinic keratoses demonstrate only partial-thickness epidermal dysplasia.
 
<references />

Latest revision as of 15:09, 26 March 2021


Cardiac surgery[1]

  1. ↑ Aya HD, Cecconi M, Hamilton M, Rhodes A (2013). "Goal-directed therapy in cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Br J Anaesth. 110 (4): 510–7. doi:10.1093/bja/aet020. PMID 23447502.
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