Salmonellosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Salmonellosis}} | {{Salmonellosis}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}} {{JM}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Risk factor]]s for [[salmonellosis]] are all those that expose the person to the [[Salmonella|bacteria]], and that create an adequate environment for [[infection]], such as: low [[gastric]] [[pH]]; changes in [[intestinal flora]]; [[malignancy]]; [[diabetes]]; and [[immunosuppressive]] therapies. [[Risk factor]]s for the persistence of [[infection]] with [[Salmonella]], include locals of anatomic disruptions, such as: [[gallstones]]; [[kidney stones]]; and [[atherosclerotic plaque]].<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14702426">{{cite journal| author=Thielman NM, Guerrant RL| title=Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 350 | issue= 1 | pages= 38-47 | pmid=14702426 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp031534 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14702426 }} </ref> | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Affects all age groups. Groups at greatest risk for severe or complicated disease include infants, the elderly, and persons with compromised immune | Affects all age groups. Groups at greatest risk for severe or complicated disease include infants, the elderly, and persons with compromised [[immune system]]s. | ||
[[Risk factor]]s for [[salmonellosis]] are all those that expose the person to the [[bacteria]], and that create an adequate environment for [[infection]].<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916 }} </ref> All these factors affect somehow, one or more of the defense mechanisms of the body, and may include:<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14702426">{{cite journal| author=Thielman NM, Guerrant RL| title=Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 350 | issue= 1 | pages= 38-47 | pmid=14702426 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp031534 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14702426 }} </ref> | |||
*Low [[gastric]] pH in children | |||
*Low [[gastric]] pH from [[antacids]] and [[H2 antagonist]]s | |||
*[[Pernicious anemia]] | |||
*Changes in the normal endogenous [[intestinal flora]] (often caused by [[antibiotic]] treatments or surgery) | |||
*[[Malignancy]] | |||
*[[Diabetes]] | |||
*Blockage of [[reticuloendothelial]] system, such as [[malaria]] or [[drepanocytosis]] | |||
*[[HIV infection]] | |||
*[[Immunosuppressive]] therapies | |||
[[Salmonella]] may persist, in foci, in certain organs of the body, particularly locals with anatomical disruptions. These may include:<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Gallstones]] | |||
*[[Kidney stones]] | |||
*[[Atherosclerotic plaque]] | |||
*[[Schistosomiasis]] | |||
*[[Prosthetic]] devices | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]
Overview
Risk factors for salmonellosis are all those that expose the person to the bacteria, and that create an adequate environment for infection, such as: low gastric pH; changes in intestinal flora; malignancy; diabetes; and immunosuppressive therapies. Risk factors for the persistence of infection with Salmonella, include locals of anatomic disruptions, such as: gallstones; kidney stones; and atherosclerotic plaque.[1][2]
Risk Factors
Affects all age groups. Groups at greatest risk for severe or complicated disease include infants, the elderly, and persons with compromised immune systems.
Risk factors for salmonellosis are all those that expose the person to the bacteria, and that create an adequate environment for infection.[1] All these factors affect somehow, one or more of the defense mechanisms of the body, and may include:[1][2]
- Low gastric pH in children
- Low gastric pH from antacids and H2 antagonists
- Pernicious anemia
- Changes in the normal endogenous intestinal flora (often caused by antibiotic treatments or surgery)
- Malignancy
- Diabetes
- Blockage of reticuloendothelial system, such as malaria or drepanocytosis
- HIV infection
- Immunosuppressive therapies
Salmonella may persist, in foci, in certain organs of the body, particularly locals with anatomical disruptions. These may include:[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hohmann EL (2001). "Nontyphoidal salmonellosis". Clin Infect Dis. 32 (2): 263–9. doi:10.1086/318457. PMID 11170916.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thielman NM, Guerrant RL (2004). "Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea". N Engl J Med. 350 (1): 38–47. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp031534. PMID 14702426.