Salmonellosis risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Risk factor]]s for [[salmonellosis]] are all those that expose the person to the [[Salmonella|bacteria]], and that create an adequate environment for [[infection]], such as: low [[gastric]] [[pH]]; changes in [[intestinal flora]]; [[malignancy]]; [[diabetes]]; and [[immunosuppressive]] therapies.  [[Risk factor]]s for the persistence of [[infection]] with [[Salmonella]], include locals of anatomic disruptions, such as: [[gallstones]]; [[kidney stones]]; and [[atherosclerotic plaque]].<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14702426">{{cite journal| author=Thielman NM, Guerrant RL| title=Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 350 | issue= 1 | pages= 38-47 | pmid=14702426 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp031534 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14702426  }} </ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Risk factors for salmonellosis include all factors that expose the person to the [[bacteria]], and that create an adequate environment for the infection.<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916  }} </ref> These factors include diseases and treatments that affect some of bodies defense mechanisms, including:
Affects all age groups. Groups at greatest risk for severe or complicated disease include infants, the elderly, and persons with compromised [[immune system]]s.
*Low gastric pH in children
 
*Low gastric pH from antacids and H2 inhibitors
[[Risk factor]]s for [[salmonellosis]] are all those that expose the person to the [[bacteria]], and that create an adequate environment for [[infection]].<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916  }} </ref> All these factors affect somehow, one or more of the defense mechanisms of the body, and may include:<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14702426">{{cite journal| author=Thielman NM, Guerrant RL| title=Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 350 | issue= 1 | pages= 38-47 | pmid=14702426 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp031534 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14702426  }} </ref>
*Prenicious anemia
*Low [[gastric]] pH in children
*Changes in the normal endogenous intestinal flora, possibly caused by antibiotic treatments or surgery
*Low [[gastric]] pH from [[antacids]] and [[H2 antagonist]]s
*Malignancy
*[[Pernicious anemia]]
*Diabetes
*Changes in the normal endogenous [[intestinal flora]] (often caused by [[antibiotic]] treatments or surgery)
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*Blockage of [[reticuloendothelial]] system, such as [[malaria]] or [[drepanocytosis]]
*Blockage of [[reticuloendothelial]] system, such as [[malaria]] or [[drepanocytosis]]
*[[HIV infection]]
*[[HIV infection]]
*[[Immunosuppressive]] therapies
*[[Immunosuppressive]] therapies


[[Salmonella]] may persist in certain foci in the body, such as locals of anatomical disruptions. These may include:<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916  }} </ref>
[[Salmonella]] may persist, in foci, in certain organs of the body, particularly locals with anatomical disruptions. These may include:<ref name="pmid11170916">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL| title=Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 263-9 | pmid=11170916 | doi=10.1086/318457 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170916  }} </ref>
*[[Gallstones]]
*[[Gallstones]]
*[[Kidney stones]]
*[[Kidney stones]]
*[[Atherosclerotic plaque]]
*[[Atherosclerotic plaque]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Prosthetic]] devices  
*[[Prosthetic]] devices
 
 
 
 
 
Affects all age groups. Groups at greatest risk for severe or complicated disease include infants, the elderly, and persons with compromised immune systems. Salmonellosis is more common in the summer than winter. Children are the most likely to get salmonellosis. The rate of diagnosed infections in children less than five years old is about five times higher than the rate in all other persons. Young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to have severe infections. It is estimated that approximately 400 persons die each year with acute salmonellosis.


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]

Latest revision as of 18:41, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]

Overview

Risk factors for salmonellosis are all those that expose the person to the bacteria, and that create an adequate environment for infection, such as: low gastric pH; changes in intestinal flora; malignancy; diabetes; and immunosuppressive therapies. Risk factors for the persistence of infection with Salmonella, include locals of anatomic disruptions, such as: gallstones; kidney stones; and atherosclerotic plaque.[1][2]

Risk Factors

Affects all age groups. Groups at greatest risk for severe or complicated disease include infants, the elderly, and persons with compromised immune systems.

Risk factors for salmonellosis are all those that expose the person to the bacteria, and that create an adequate environment for infection.[1] All these factors affect somehow, one or more of the defense mechanisms of the body, and may include:[1][2]

Salmonella may persist, in foci, in certain organs of the body, particularly locals with anatomical disruptions. These may include:[1]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hohmann EL (2001). "Nontyphoidal salmonellosis". Clin Infect Dis. 32 (2): 263–9. doi:10.1086/318457. PMID 11170916.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Thielman NM, Guerrant RL (2004). "Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea". N Engl J Med. 350 (1): 38–47. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp031534. PMID 14702426.


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