Retroperitoneal abscess: Difference between revisions

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{{SK}} RP abscess
==Overview==
==Overview==
Retroperitoneal abscess is an unusual type of abscess in surgical practice. It is often underdiagnosed due to the insidious onset of symptoms and its location in the retroperitoneal space making it hard to be accessible for the regular abdominal examination.
Retroperitoneal abscess is an unusual type of abscess in surgical practice. It is often underdiagnosed due to the insidious onset of symptoms and its location in the retroperitoneal space making it hard to be assessed via the regular abdominal examination.
It is most often due to Genitourinary infection (like [[Pyelonephritis]]) or GI cause (like [[Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome]]).
It is most often due to [[Genitourinary]] infection ([[Pyelonephritis]]) or [[gastrointestinal]] cause (i.e [[Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome]]).
CT & MRI are the cornerstones for diagnosis.
[[CT]] & [[MRI]] are the cornerstones for [[diagnosis]].
Treatment is usually focused on surgical drainage either through open or percutaneous approaches under the umbrella of IV [[antibiotics]].
Treatment is usually focused on surgical drainage either through open or [[percutaneous]] approaches usually accompanied with the use of IV [[antibiotics]].


==Historical perspective==
==Historical perspective==
*Retroperitoneal abscess was first described by Grassi and Serge in 1887.
*Retroperitoneal abscess was first described by Grassi and Serge in 1887.
*Dr. Hugh Cabbot presented the first case of retroperitonal abscess in a case report in 1922.
*Dr. Hugh Cabbot presented the first case of retroperitoneal abscess in a case report in 1922.


==Classification==
==Classification==
Retroperitoneal abscess may be classified according to the location in the retroperitoneal space into 5 categories <ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref> :
Retroperitoneal abscess may be classified according to the location in the retroperitoneal space into 5 categories <ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref> :
*[[Perinephric abscess|Perinephric]]
*[[Perinephric abscess|Perinephric]] abscess
*Upper [[retroperitoneal]]
*Upper [[retroperitoneal]] abscess
*[[Pelvic]]
*[[Pelvic]] abscess
*Combined [[retroperitoneal]] and [[pelvic]]
*Combined [[retroperitoneal]] and [[pelvic]] abscess
*Lٍٍocalized [[musculoskeletal]]
*Lٍٍocalized [[musculoskeletal]] abscess


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
{| style="float: right; width: 350px;"
| [[Image:Capture 2.png|center|400px|thumb|Retroperitoneal space - Case courtesy of Dr Matt Skalski, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/44105">rID: 44105</a>, Labels have been added to the image]]
|}
===Pathogenesis===
===Pathogenesis===
Retroperitoneal abscess is usually secondary to spread from other primary site either hematogenous or by contiguous spread.
* A retroperitoneal abscess is usually secondary to spread from other primary site either through hematogenous or by contiguous spread.
The [[bacteria]] causing the abscess depends on the primary site.
* The [[bacteria]] causing the abscess depends on the primary site. When the [[bacteria]] invades the [[retroperitoneal]] tissue, [[toxins]] released from it destroy the tissues and trigger an [[inflammatory response]].
When the [[bacteria]] invades the retroperitoneal tissue, [[toxins]] released from it destroy the  
* As a result of the [[inflammatory response]], [[WBC|white blood cells]] get recruited. They phagocytose the invading [[bacteria]] but at the same time they break down the infected [[tissue]].
tissue & trigger an [[inflammatory response]].
* The healthy tissues around enclose the area with a membrane surrounding the [[abscess]].
As a result of the [[inflammatory response]], [[WBC|White Blood Cells]] get recruited. They phagocytose the invading [[bacteria]] but at the same time they break down the infected tissue.
* After [[pus]] evacuation, the membrane grows in to fill the [[cavity]].
The healthy tissues around enclose the area with a membrane surrounding the [[abscess]].
 
After [[pus]] evacuation, the membrane grows in to fill the cavity.
===Microscopic findings===
===Microscopic Findings===
* The [[Abscess]] consists of a mixture of [[inflammatory cells]] together with debris tissue.  
[[Abscess]] consists of a mixture of inflammatory cells together with debris tissue. From the surrounding wall grows some [[capillaries]] to form [[granulation tissue]].
* From the surrounding wall grows some [[capillaries]] to form [[granulation tissue]].
If body defenses are successful in eliminating the [[infection]], the [[granulation tissue]] continues to grow and the [[abscess]] continues to shrink in size until it is only a [[scar]].
* If the  body defenses are successful in eliminating the [[infection]], the [[granulation tissue]] continues to grow and the [[abscess]] continues to shrink in size until it is only a [[scar]].
If the offending [[pathogen]] is not cleared, the process goes on and may even spread.
* If the offending [[pathogen]] is not cleared, the process goes on and may eventually spread.


==Causes==
==Causes==


 
Retroperitoneal Abscess may be caused by :<ref name="pmid27220893">{{cite journal| author=Winter BM, Gajda M, Grimm MO| title=[Diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal abscesses]. | journal=Urologe A | year= 2016 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 741-7 | pmid=27220893 | doi=10.1007/s00120-016-0118-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27220893  }} </ref>
Retroperitoneal Abscess may be caused by<ref name="pmid27220893">{{cite journal| author=Winter BM, Gajda M, Grimm MO| title=[Diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal abscesses]. | journal=Urologe A | year= 2016 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 741-7 | pmid=27220893 | doi=10.1007/s00120-016-0118-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27220893  }} </ref>
*[[E. Coli]] or [[Proteus]] spp (if the primary site is the [[urinary tract]])
 
*[[E. Coli]] or [[Proteus]] spp (if primary is from the [[urinary tract]])
*Multibacterial & [[anaerobes]] (if gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the primary source)
*Multibacterial & [[anaerobes]] (if gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the primary source)
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]] (if from distant septic focus)
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]] (if from distant [[Septic|septic focus]])
*[[Tuberculosis]] (if secondary to [[Pott’s disease]])
*[[Tuberculosis]] (if secondary to [[Pott's disease|Pott’s disease]])


==Differentiating Retroperitoneal abscess from other Diseases==
==Differentiating retroperitoneal abscess from other Diseases==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Disease
! rowspan="2" |Disease
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|
|
|✔
|✔
|[[Leukocytosis]], positive inflammatory markers
|[[Leukocytosis]] and positive inflammatory markers
| rowspan="4" |[[MRI]] is the best radiologic tool to differentiate between retroperitoneal masses.
| rowspan="4" |[[MRI]] is the best radiologic tool to differentiate between retroperitoneal masses.
|-
|-
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|✔
|✔
|✔
|✔
|positive [[tumor marker]]
|Positive [[tumor marker]]
|-
|-
|[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
|[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
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|✔
|✔
|✔
|✔
|[[DM type II]], [[amylase]] and [[lipase]] levels may be slightly elevated
|Elevated blood sugar (due to [[diabetes mellitus]]), [[amylase]] and [[lipase]] levels may be slightly elevated
|}
|}


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and demographics==
Retroperitoneal abscess is far less common than Intraperitoneal abscesses<ref name="pmid8028724">{{cite journal| author=Vitale L, Kiss A, Drago GW| title=[Retroperitoneal abscesses: clinical and therapeutical aspects]. | journal=Minerva Chir | year= 1994 | volume= 49 | issue= 3 | pages= 163-5 | pmid=8028724 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8028724  }} </ref>.
Retroperitoneal abscess is far less common than intraperitoneal abscesses.<ref name="pmid8028724">{{cite journal| author=Vitale L, Kiss A, Drago GW| title=[Retroperitoneal abscesses: clinical and therapeutical aspects]. | journal=Minerva Chir | year= 1994 | volume= 49 | issue= 3 | pages= 163-5 | pmid=8028724 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8028724  }} </ref>
*[[Males]] are slightly more susceptible than [[females]].
*[[Males]] are slightly more susceptible than [[females]].
*increased incidence between third and sixth decades.
*Increased incidence between third and sixth decades.
*Most common cause in developing countries is spread from distant septic focus.
*Most common cause in developing countries is spread from distant septic focus.
*Most common cause in developed countries are [[Renal]] and [[GI]] causes <ref name="pmid27220893">{{cite journal| author=Winter BM, Gajda M, Grimm MO| title=[Diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal abscesses]. | journal=Urologe A | year= 2016 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 741-7 | pmid=27220893 | doi=10.1007/s00120-016-0118-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27220893  }} </ref>.
*Most common causes in developed countries are [[Renal]] and [[GI]] causes. <ref name="pmid27220893">{{cite journal| author=Winter BM, Gajda M, Grimm MO| title=[Diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal abscesses]. | journal=Urologe A | year= 2016 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 741-7 | pmid=27220893 | doi=10.1007/s00120-016-0118-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27220893  }} </ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==


Any septic focus can - theoretically - lead to retroperitoneal abscess. These are the primary foci in order of frequency to cause retroperitoneal abscess.
Any septic focus can theoretically lead to retroperitoneal abscess. These are the primary foci in order of frequency of causing retroperitoneal abscess.


*[[Renal]] infections : spread from the [[Urinary Tract|urinary tract]] is the most common cause.
*[[Renal]] infections:  
*[[GI]] diseases : Spread from the [[GI]] is the second common cause like perforated [[appendix]], perforated [[colon cancer]], [[Diverticulitis]] and [[Crohn’s disease]].                                 
:Spread from the urinary tract is the most common cause.
*[[Bone]] infection : tuberculous spine or [[osteomyelitis]]
*[[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] diseases:
*Hematogenous spread : from distant septic foci.
:Spread from the [[gastrointestinal tract]] is the second common cause (e.g. perforated [[appendix]], <nowiki/>perforated [[colon cancer]], [[diverticulitis]] ,and [[Crohn’s disease|cohn’s disease]].)                                  
*[[Iatrogenic]] : following abdominal or pelvic surgery.
*[[Bone]] infection:  
:e.g. [[pott's disease]] or [[osteomyelitis]]
*Hematogenous spread:  
:From distant septic foci.
*[[Iatrogenic]]:  
:Following [[abdominal]] or [[pelvic]] surgery.


Any condition compromising the [[immune system]] is a risk factor for developing retroperitoneal abscess. The following were the risk factors in order of frequency in observed patients <ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>
Any condition compromising the [[immune system]] is a [[risk factor]] for developing retroperitoneal abscess. The following were the [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in observed patients. <ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>
*[[Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[Malignancy]]
*Remote infection
*Remote infection
*[[Glucocorticoids]] intake
*[[Glucocorticoids]] administration
*Chronic [[renal failure]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]


==Screening==
==Screening==
No introduced program for screening of retroperitoneal abscess.
According to the [[USPSTF]], screening for retroperitoneal abscess is not recommended.


==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis:==
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis:==
===Natural History===
===Natural history===
If untreated, [[Retroperitoneal abscess]] may cause [[septicemia]] with very high incidence of morbidity & mortality.
If left untreated, retroperitoneal abscess may cause [[septicemia]] with very high incidence of [[morbidity]] and [[mortality]].


===Complications<ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref> :===
===Complications :===
Most complications result from [[septicemia]] come late in the disease
Most complications result from [[septicemia]] which presents late in the disease.<ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>


*[[Pneumonia]] and [[respiratory failure]] type 1 is the most common complication with very high mortality.
*[[Pneumonia]] and [[respiratory failure]] type 1 is the most common complication with very high [[mortality]].
*Recurrent [[Abscess]] after drainage.
*Recurrent [[Abscess]] after drainage.
*[[Renal Failure]]
*[[Renal Failure]]
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*Arterial [[Thrombosis]]
*Arterial [[Thrombosis]]
*[[UTI]]
*[[UTI]]
*[[Brain Abscess]]
*[[Brain Abscess|Brain abscess]]
*[[Empyema]]
*[[Empyema]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]


===Prognosis <ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>===
===Prognosis ===
Poor prognostic factors include :
Depending on the extent of the [[abscess]] at the time of [[diagnosis]], the [[prognosis]] may vary. However, with the presence of the mentioned factors below, the prognosis is generally regarded poor.<ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>
   
   
*[[Septicemia]] (Positive Blood Culture) : Not present in every patient. When present poor prognostic sign
*[[Septicemia]] (Positive Blood [[Culture medium|Culture]]) : Not presenting in every patient but when present, it is a very poor prognostic sign.
*Number of days for [[fever]] to fade away after drainage : Persistence of fever more than 4   days carries a mortality more than 70%.
*Number of days for [[fever]] to fade away after drainage: Persistence of [[fever]] more than 4 days carries a [[mortality]] more than 70%.


==Diagnosis==  
==Diagnosis==  
===History===
===History===
Detailed history should be obtained from the patient presenting with insidious onset of abdominal pain. Common should be investigated ([[Kidney]] and [[GI]] diseases) especially in the presence of any of the risk factors ([[DM]], [[corticosteroid]] intake).  
* A detailed history should be obtained from the patient presenting with insidious onset of abdominal pain.  
* Common causes should be investigated ([[Kidney]] and [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] diseases) especially in the presence of any of the risk factors (e.g. [[DM]] and [[corticosteroid]] administration).  


===Symptoms <ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>:===
===Symptoms <ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>:===
Presentation is usually insidious and nonspecific besides that it’s unusual condition, this all delays the diagnosis.
Given that the presentation is usually insidious, nonspecific beside that it’s an unusual condition .. the diagnosis is usually delayed.
====Common symptoms:====
*[[Fever]] is the most common complaint and usually it is more than 101 F.
*Constitutional symptoms : [[chills]], [[malaise]], [[anorexia]] and [[weight loss]].
*[[Abdominal pain]] : Not localized due to the unusual site of the [[abscess]].


*[[Fever]] is the most common complaint .. Usually more than 101 F.
====Less common symptoms:====
*Constitutional symptoms : chills, malaise, anorexia and weight loss.
*[[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] complaints which varies from case to case
*Abdominal pain : Non localized due to the unusual site of the abscess.
*If abscess involves [[psoas major muscle]], pain is usually referred to the [[Hip (anatomy)|hip]], [[groin]] and [[knee]].
*GI complaints which varied from case to case
*If abscess involves [[psoas major muscle]], pain is usually referred to the hip, groin and knee.


==Physical Exam<ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>==
==Physical Exam==
===General Appearance===
===General Appearance===
The patient is usually fatigued & looking ill due to the preexisting risk factor. In advanced cases with septicemia, the patient may be drowsy with disturbed conscious level.
The patient is usually fatigued & looking ill due to the preexisting risk factor. In advanced cases with [[septicemia]], the patient may be drowsy with [[decreased level of consciousness]].<ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>
===Vital signs===
===Vital signs===
*Fever
*[[Fever]]
*Tachycardia
*[[Tachycardia]]
*Tachypnea
*[[Tachypnea]]
*Hypotension (if shocked)
*[[Hypotension]] (if patient is presenting with [[shock]])
===Abdominal Examination===
===Abdominal Examination===
*Abdominal tenderness is often present (localized)
*[[Abdominal tenderness]] is often present (localized).
*Positive psoas sign if the psoas muscle is involved.
*Positive [[psoas sign]] if the [[psoas muscle]] is involved.
*The classic signs of [[peritonitis]] is absent (making the diagnosis more difficult).
*The classic signs of [[peritonitis]] is absent (making the diagnosis more difficult).
===Lab Findings===
===Lab Findings===
*Classic lab findings of inflammation .. leukocytosis, high ESR, high CRP ,, etc.Leukocytosis is usually not very high (between 10.000 and 20.000 in most cases)
*Classic lab findings of [[inflammation]] as [[leukocytosis]], high [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]], high [[C-reactive protein|CRP]] ,etc, ...[[Leukocytosis]] is usually not extremely high (between 10,000 and 20,000 in most cases)
*Blood culture is not always positive (but carries a grave prognosis if +ve).Organism depends on the source of abscess as mentioned above in pathophysiology.
*[[Blood culture]] is not always positive (but carries a grave prognosis if positive).Organism depends on the source of [[abscess]] as mentioned above in pathophysiology.
 
===Radiological Findings===
===Radiological Findings===
*CT & MRI are the 2 most important radiological diagnostic tools.
[[CT]] & [[MRI]] are the 2 most important radiological diagnostic tools.
*CT shows fluid collection in the retroperitoneal space and  may also show gas bubbles. It is also helpful in determining the primary source of the abscess.


==Treatment<ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>==
[[Image:rp_abscess_gif.gif|500px|thumb|center|Case courtesy of Dr  MohammadTaghi Niknejad, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/20859">rID: 20859</a>]]
*The image shows retroperitoneal abscess in left side with gas bubbles inside (circled area)
====CT====
*[[Computed tomography|CT]] shows fluid collection in the [[Retroperitoneum|retroperitoneal]] space and  may also show gas bubbles. It is also helpful in determining the primary source of the [[abscess]].
 
====MRI====
*Shows the same findings as [[Computed tomography|CT]], but more sensitive.
====Ultrasonography====
*Not the preferred diagnostic tool because of the remote site of the [[abscess]].
 
==Treatment==
===Overview===
[[Surgery]] is the mainstay of treatment together with the proper use of [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]].
===Medical Treatment===
===Medical Treatment===
*Intravenous antibiotics should be given in the light of results of the cultures.
*Intravenous empiric [[antibiotics]] should be started till results of the [[Bacterial cultures|cultures]] are available.<ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717 }} </ref>
*Initial empiric antibiotic therapy should consist of Aminoglycosides and Metronidazole (or clindamycin) .. If the source is pancreatitis, then imipenem should be added as it has bactericidal effect on the necrotic tissue<ref name="pmid28152534">{{cite journal| author=Yamamichi F, Shigemura K, Kitagawa K, Arakawa S, Tokimatsu I, Fujisawa M| title=Should We Change the Initial Treatment of Renal or Retroperitoneal Abscess in High Risk Patients? | journal=Urol Int | year= 2017 | volume= 98 | issue= 2 | pages= 222-227 | pmid=28152534 | doi=10.1159/000454887 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28152534 }} </ref>.
{| class="wikitable"
*Drainage of the abscess is a must and uing medical treatment alone carries a mortality rate approaching 100 % in some studies.
|+Initial Empiric antibiotic therapy for community acquired intraabdominal infections<ref name="urlwww.idsociety.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/Intra-abdominal%20Infectin.pdf |title=www.idsociety.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
===Surgical Treatment <ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>:===
! rowspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" align="center" |Regimen
*Operative treatment is usually preferred unless in special cases when it is contraindicated.
! rowspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" align="center" |Pediatrics
*Retroperitoneal or pelvic approaches are much preferred than transperitoneal approach due to better outcomes and decreased probability of intraperitoneal spread.
! colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" align="center" |Adults
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Mild - Moderate infection
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Severe infection
|-
|Single agent
|[[Ertapenem]], [[meropenem]], [[imipenem]], [[cilastatin]], [[Ticarcillin-Clavulanate|ticarcillin-clavulanate]], and [[piperacillin-tazobactam]]
|[[Cefoxitin]], [[ertapenem]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[tigecycline]], and [[Ticarcillin-Clavulanate|ticarcillin-clavulanic acid]]
|[[Imipenem-Cilastatin|Imipenem-cilastatin]], [[meropenem]], [[doripenem]], and [[piperacillin-tazobactam]]
|-
|Combination
|[[Ceftriaxone]], [[cefotaxime]], [[cefepime]], or [[ceftazidime]], each in combination with [[metronidazole]]; [[gentamicin]] or [[tobramycin]], each in combination with [[metronidazole]] or [[clindamycin]], and with or without [[ampicillin]]
| Cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, or levofloxacin, each in combination with metronidazolea |[[Cefepime]], [[ceftazidime]], [[ciprofloxacin]], or [[levofloxacin]], each in combination with [[metronidazole]].
|[[Cefepime]], [[ceftazidime]], [[ciprofloxacin]], or [[levofloxacin]], each in combination with [[metronidazole]].
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+<sup>Initial Empiric antibiotic therapy for health care associated intraabdominal infections.</sup><ref name="urlwww.idsociety.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/Intra-abdominal%20Infectin.pdf |title=www.idsociety.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |Organisms that are common in health care facility
! colspan="5" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |Regimen
|-
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Carbapenem]]
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Aminoglycoside]]
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Ceftazidime]] or [[cefepime]], each with [[metronidazole]]
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Piperacillin-tazobactam]]
! style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Vancomycin]]
|-
|<20% Resistant [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]],  extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing [[Enterobacteriaceae]], [[Acinetobacter]], or other multidrug resistant [[gram-negative bacilli]]
|Recommended
|Not recommended
|Recommended
|Recommended
|Not recommended†
|-
|Extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing [[Enterobacteriaceae]]
|Recommended
|Recommended
|Not recommended
|Recommended
|Not recommended
|-
|[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|P. aeruginosa]] 120% resistant to [[ceftazidime]]
|Recommended
|Recommended
|Not recommended
|Recommended
|Not recommended
|-
|[[Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus|Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]
|Not recommended
|Not recommended
|Not recommended
|Not recommended
|Recommended
|}
 
*Drainage of the [[abscess]] is a must and using [[medical treatment]] alone carries a [[mortality rate]] approaching 100 % in some studies.
 
===Surgical Treatment :===
*Operative treatment is usually preferred unless there is a special condition for which surgery is contraindicated.<ref name="pmid1492717">{{cite journal| author=Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y| title=Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system. | journal=Ann Biol Clin (Paris) | year= 1992 | volume= 50 | issue= 6-7 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=1492717 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1492717  }} </ref>
*[[Retroperitoneal]] or [[pelvic]] approaches are much more preferred than transperitoneal approach due to better outcomes and decreased probability of [[intraperitoneal]] spread.
 
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 23:59, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Younes M.B.B.CH [2]

Synonyms and keywords: RP abscess

Overview

Retroperitoneal abscess is an unusual type of abscess in surgical practice. It is often underdiagnosed due to the insidious onset of symptoms and its location in the retroperitoneal space making it hard to be assessed via the regular abdominal examination. It is most often due to Genitourinary infection (Pyelonephritis) or gastrointestinal cause (i.e Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome). CT & MRI are the cornerstones for diagnosis. Treatment is usually focused on surgical drainage either through open or percutaneous approaches usually accompanied with the use of IV antibiotics.

Historical perspective

  • Retroperitoneal abscess was first described by Grassi and Serge in 1887.
  • Dr. Hugh Cabbot presented the first case of retroperitoneal abscess in a case report in 1922.

Classification

Retroperitoneal abscess may be classified according to the location in the retroperitoneal space into 5 categories [1] :

Pathophysiology

Retroperitoneal space - Case courtesy of Dr Matt Skalski, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/44105">rID: 44105</a>, Labels have been added to the image

Pathogenesis

  • A retroperitoneal abscess is usually secondary to spread from other primary site either through hematogenous or by contiguous spread.
  • The bacteria causing the abscess depends on the primary site. When the bacteria invades the retroperitoneal tissue, toxins released from it destroy the tissues and trigger an inflammatory response.
  • As a result of the inflammatory response, white blood cells get recruited. They phagocytose the invading bacteria but at the same time they break down the infected tissue.
  • The healthy tissues around enclose the area with a membrane surrounding the abscess.
  • After pus evacuation, the membrane grows in to fill the cavity.

Microscopic findings

Causes

Retroperitoneal Abscess may be caused by :[2]

Differentiating retroperitoneal abscess from other Diseases

Disease Clinical feature Laboratory findings Imaging findings
Fever Weight loss Abdominal pain
Retroperitoneal abscess Leukocytosis and positive inflammatory markers MRI is the best radiologic tool to differentiate between retroperitoneal masses.
Retroperitoneal hematoma Anemia
Retroperitoneal tumors (.e.g. liposarcoma) Positive tumor marker
Chronic pancreatitis Elevated blood sugar (due to diabetes mellitus), amylase and lipase levels may be slightly elevated

Epidemiology and demographics

Retroperitoneal abscess is far less common than intraperitoneal abscesses.[3]

  • Males are slightly more susceptible than females.
  • Increased incidence between third and sixth decades.
  • Most common cause in developing countries is spread from distant septic focus.
  • Most common causes in developed countries are Renal and GI causes. [2]

Risk Factors

Any septic focus can theoretically lead to retroperitoneal abscess. These are the primary foci in order of frequency of causing retroperitoneal abscess.

Spread from the urinary tract is the most common cause.
Spread from the gastrointestinal tract is the second common cause (e.g. perforated appendix, perforated colon cancer, diverticulitis ,and cohn’s disease.)
e.g. pott's disease or osteomyelitis
  • Hematogenous spread:
From distant septic foci.
Following abdominal or pelvic surgery.

Any condition compromising the immune system is a risk factor for developing retroperitoneal abscess. The following were the risk factors in observed patients. [1]

Screening

According to the USPSTF, screening for retroperitoneal abscess is not recommended.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis:

Natural history

If left untreated, retroperitoneal abscess may cause septicemia with very high incidence of morbidity and mortality.

Complications :

Most complications result from septicemia which presents late in the disease.[1]

Prognosis

Depending on the extent of the abscess at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, with the presence of the mentioned factors below, the prognosis is generally regarded poor.[1]

  • Septicemia (Positive Blood Culture) : Not presenting in every patient but when present, it is a very poor prognostic sign.
  • Number of days for fever to fade away after drainage: Persistence of fever more than 4 days carries a mortality more than 70%.

Diagnosis

History

  • A detailed history should be obtained from the patient presenting with insidious onset of abdominal pain.
  • Common causes should be investigated (Kidney and gastrointestinal diseases) especially in the presence of any of the risk factors (e.g. DM and corticosteroid administration).

Symptoms [1]:

Given that the presentation is usually insidious, nonspecific beside that it’s an unusual condition .. the diagnosis is usually delayed.

Common symptoms:

Less common symptoms:

Physical Exam

General Appearance

The patient is usually fatigued & looking ill due to the preexisting risk factor. In advanced cases with septicemia, the patient may be drowsy with decreased level of consciousness.[1]

Vital signs

Abdominal Examination

Lab Findings

  • Classic lab findings of inflammation as leukocytosis, high ESR, high CRP ,etc, ...Leukocytosis is usually not extremely high (between 10,000 and 20,000 in most cases)
  • Blood culture is not always positive (but carries a grave prognosis if positive).Organism depends on the source of abscess as mentioned above in pathophysiology.

Radiological Findings

CT & MRI are the 2 most important radiological diagnostic tools.

Case courtesy of Dr MohammadTaghi Niknejad, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/20859">rID: 20859</a>
  • The image shows retroperitoneal abscess in left side with gas bubbles inside (circled area)

CT

  • CT shows fluid collection in the retroperitoneal space and may also show gas bubbles. It is also helpful in determining the primary source of the abscess.

MRI

  • Shows the same findings as CT, but more sensitive.

Ultrasonography

  • Not the preferred diagnostic tool because of the remote site of the abscess.

Treatment

Overview

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment together with the proper use of antibiotics.

Medical Treatment

Initial Empiric antibiotic therapy for community acquired intraabdominal infections[4]
Regimen Pediatrics Adults
Mild - Moderate infection Severe infection
Single agent Ertapenem, meropenem, imipenem, cilastatin, ticarcillin-clavulanate, and piperacillin-tazobactam Cefoxitin, ertapenem, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid Imipenem-cilastatin, meropenem, doripenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam
Combination Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, or ceftazidime, each in combination with metronidazole; gentamicin or tobramycin, each in combination with metronidazole or clindamycin, and with or without ampicillin Cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, or levofloxacin, each in combination with metronidazole. Cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, or levofloxacin, each in combination with metronidazole.
Initial Empiric antibiotic therapy for health care associated intraabdominal infections.[4]
Organisms that are common in health care facility Regimen
Carbapenem Aminoglycoside Ceftazidime or cefepime, each with metronidazole Piperacillin-tazobactam Vancomycin
<20% Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, or other multidrug resistant gram-negative bacilli Recommended Not recommended Recommended Recommended Not recommended†
Extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae Recommended Recommended Not recommended Recommended Not recommended
P. aeruginosa 120% resistant to ceftazidime Recommended Recommended Not recommended Recommended Not recommended
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Not recommended Not recommended Not recommended Not recommended Recommended

Surgical Treatment :

  • Operative treatment is usually preferred unless there is a special condition for which surgery is contraindicated.[1]
  • Retroperitoneal or pelvic approaches are much more preferred than transperitoneal approach due to better outcomes and decreased probability of intraperitoneal spread.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Grollier G, Burucoa C, Bonnin M, de Rautlin de La Roy Y (1992). "Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system". Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 50 (6–7): 393–7. PMID 1492717.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Winter BM, Gajda M, Grimm MO (2016). "[Diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal abscesses]". Urologe A. 55 (6): 741–7. doi:10.1007/s00120-016-0118-1. PMID 27220893.
  3. Vitale L, Kiss A, Drago GW (1994). "[Retroperitoneal abscesses: clinical and therapeutical aspects]". Minerva Chir. 49 (3): 163–5. PMID 8028724.
  4. 4.0 4.1 "www.idsociety.org" (PDF).