Pyelonephritis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Risk Factors

Risk is increased in the following situations:

• Mechanical: any structural abnormalities to the kidneys and the urinary tract, calculi (kidney stones), urinary tract catheterization, urinary tract stents or drainage procedures (e.g. nephrostomy), pregnancy, neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, spina bifida or multiple sclerosis) and prostate disease (e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia) in men
• Constitutional: diabetes mellitus, immunocompromised states
• Behavioral: change in sexual partner within the last year, spermicide use
• Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination)
• Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting sexual activity in that age group.
• Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.
• Urine can also back up, or reflux, into one or both kidneys. This problem, which is called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), happens when the valve mechanism that normally prevents backward flow of urine is not working properly. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood.
• Pregnant women and people with diabetes or a weakened immune system are also at increased risk of pyelonephritis.