Pyelonephritis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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*Kidney Stones [[Kidney stone|calculi]] | *Kidney Stones [[Kidney stone|calculi]] | ||
*[[vesicoureteral reflux]] (VUR) abnormality in the mechanism that normally prevents backward flow or reflux of urine. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood. | *[[vesicoureteral reflux]] (VUR) abnormality in the mechanism that normally prevents backward flow or reflux of urine. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood. | ||
*[[Posterior urethral valve]] | |||
*[[pregnancy]] | *[[pregnancy]] | ||
*[[Urinary catheterization|urinary tract catheterization]] or stents | *[[Urinary catheterization|urinary tract catheterization]] or stents | ||
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*[[prostate]] disease (e.g. [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]]) in men | *[[prostate]] disease (e.g. [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]]) in men | ||
*[[Polycystic Kidney]] | *[[Polycystic Kidney]] | ||
*Bladder neck obstruction | |||
*[[Horseshoe kidney]] | *[[Horseshoe kidney]] | ||
*Ureterocele | *Ureterocele | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of pyelonephritis include renal calculi, urinary tract catheterization, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Risk Factors
Risk is increased in the following situations:[1][2]
Mechanical/Anatomical
Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can ascend to the kidneys to cause pyelonephritis.
- Kidney Stones calculi
- vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) abnormality in the mechanism that normally prevents backward flow or reflux of urine. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood.
- Posterior urethral valve
- pregnancy
- urinary tract catheterization or stents
- drainage procedures (e.g. nephrostomy)
- prostate disease (e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia) in men
- Polycystic Kidney
- Bladder neck obstruction
- Horseshoe kidney
- Ureterocele
- neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, spina bifida or multiple sclerosis)
Foreign Body
- Urinary catheters
- Calculus
Constitutional
- Diabetes mellitus
- Immunocompromised states
- Sickle cell disease
- Transplantation
- Pregnancy
- HIV Infection
- Chemotherapy
General/Behavioral
- change in sexual partner within the last year,
- spermicide use
- Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination)
- Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting sexual activity in that age group.
- Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.[3]
References
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.
- ↑ Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
- ↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.