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{{Pulmonary edema}}
{{Pulmonary edema}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Some patients may need to use a breathing machine for a long time, which may lead to damage to [[lung]] [[tissue]]. [[Kidney failure]] and damage to other major [[organs]] may occur if [[blood]] and [[oxygen]] flow are not restored promptly. If not treated, this [[condition]] can be [[fatal]]. If left untreated, acute pulmonary edema can lead to [[coma]] and even death, generally due to its main complication of [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]].
==Natural History==
* If left untreated, acute pulmonary edema can lead to respiratory arrest, [[coma]] and  death, generally due to its main complication of [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]<ref name="url2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure | European Heart Journal | Oxford Academic" />


==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
* Some patients may need to use a breathing machine for a long time, which may lead to damage to [[lung]] [[tissue]]


Some patients may need to use a breathing machine for a long time, which may lead to damage to [[lung]] [[tissue]].
==Complications==
Common complications of pulmonary edema include:<ref name="url2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure | European Heart Journal | Oxford Academic" />
* [[Respiratory arrest]]


[[Kidney failure]] and damage to other major [[organs]] may occur if [[blood]] and [[oxygen]] flow are not restored promptly. If not treated, this [[condition]] can be [[fatal]].
* [[Leg swelling]] ([[edema]])
* [[Abdominal swelling]] ([[ascites]])
* [[Pleural effusion]]  
* [[Congestion]] of liver
* [[Myocardial infarction]] (MI)
* [[Cardiogenic shock]]
* [[Arrhythmias|Arrhythmia]]<nowiki/>s
* [[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte disturbances]]
* Mesenteric insufficiency
* Protein [[enteropathy]]
* Death


If left untreated, acute pulmonary edema can lead to [[coma]] and even death, generally due to its main complication of [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]].
==Prognosis==
Prognosis of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is generally good and responds well to treatment, while cardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variable mortality rate.
* In-hospital mortality rates in a high-acuity setting, are 15-20%.
The prognosis for patients with acute pulmonary edema depends on the:<ref name="url2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure | European Heart Journal | Oxford Academic">{{cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/27/2129/1748921 |title=2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure &#124; European Heart Journal &#124; Oxford Academic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Underlying cause
* The patient's age
* Comorbidities
* Prompt diagnosis
* Initiation of effective treatment
The following features are associated with a worse outcome:<ref name="url2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure | European Heart Journal | Oxford Academic" />
* Advanced Age
* Wide [[QRS]] complex
* [[Hyponatremia]]
* Low [[Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction]]
* [[Hypotension]]
* Precipitated by [[Ischemia|ischaemia]]
* Previous hospitalisation for [[heart failure]]
* Marked [[BNP]] elevation
* Elevated [[troponin]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 20:15, 3 April 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farnaz Khalighinejad, MD [2]

Overview

Some patients may need to use a breathing machine for a long time, which may lead to damage to lung tissue. Kidney failure and damage to other major organs may occur if blood and oxygen flow are not restored promptly. If not treated, this condition can be fatal. If left untreated, acute pulmonary edema can lead to coma and even death, generally due to its main complication of hypoxia.

Natural History

  • If left untreated, acute pulmonary edema can lead to respiratory arrest, coma and death, generally due to its main complication of hypoxia[1]
  • Some patients may need to use a breathing machine for a long time, which may lead to damage to lung tissue

Complications

Common complications of pulmonary edema include:[1]

Prognosis

Prognosis of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is generally good and responds well to treatment, while cardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variable mortality rate.

  • In-hospital mortality rates in a high-acuity setting, are 15-20%.

The prognosis for patients with acute pulmonary edema depends on the:[1]

  • Underlying cause
  • The patient's age
  • Comorbidities
  • Prompt diagnosis
  • Initiation of effective treatment

The following features are associated with a worse outcome:[1]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure | European Heart Journal | Oxford Academic".


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