Prostatitis overview: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology and demographics== | ==Epidemiology and demographics== | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of prostatitis include recurrent [[urinary tract infection]]s, benign prostatic hyperplasia, [[urethral stricture]]s, bladder neck hypertrophy, [[prostatic carcinoma]], and previous instrumentation or catheterization. | |||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 21:15, 6 March 2016
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Prostatitis overview On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2]
Overview
Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate. Because women do not have a prostate gland, it is a condition found only in men, although women do have microscopic paraurethral Skene's glands connected to the distal third of the urethra in the prevaginal space that are homologous to the prostate, and may cause symptoms. The term prostatitis refers, in its strictest sense, to histological (microscopic) inflammation of the tissue of the prostate gland. Like all forms of inflammation, it can be associated with an appropriate response of the body to an infection, but it also occurs in the absence of an infection.
Classification
According to the International Prostatitis Collaboration Network, prostatitis may be classified into 5 subtypes based on the duration of symptoms and evidence of bacterial infection / inflammation into either acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, non-inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, or asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis.[1]
Pathophysiology
The exact pathogenesis of bacterial prostatitis is not yet fully understood. Two possible theories include ascending urethral infection and the reflux of urine via the ejaculatory and prostatic ducts.[2][3] The pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome includes stress-driven hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and adrenocortical hormone (endocrine) abnormalities, neurogenic inflammation, and myofascial pain syndrome.[4] On microscopic histopathologic analysis, prostatitis may be characterized by either neutrophils or lymphocytes within the glands, between the epithelial cells or within the stroma.[5][6]
Causes
Prostatitis may be caused by bacteria. Aerobic gram-negative bacilli are the most common cause of bacterial prostatitis, with Escherichia coli accounting for 50-80% of cases.[7] The cause of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is unknown.[8]
Differential Diagnosis
Prostatitis must be differentiated from acute cystitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic abscess, bladder cancer, urinary tract stones, and a foreign body within the urinary tract.[3]
Epidemiology and demographics
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of prostatitis include recurrent urinary tract infections, benign prostatic hyperplasia, urethral strictures, bladder neck hypertrophy, prostatic carcinoma, and previous instrumentation or catheterization.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
References
- ↑ Krieger JN, Nyberg L, Nickel JC (1999). "NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis". JAMA. 282 (3): 236–7. PMID 10422990.
- ↑ Stevermer JJ, Easley SK (2000). "Treatment of prostatitis". Am Fam Physician. 61 (10): 3015–22, 3025–6. PMID 10839552.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR (2010). "Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 82 (4): 397–406. PMID 20704171.
- ↑ Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_prostatitis/chronic_pelvic_pain_syndrome. Accessed on March 2, 2016
- ↑ Prostate Gland.Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Prostate_gland#Acute_inflammation_of_the_prostate_gland. Accessed on March 2, 2016
- ↑ Prostate Gland.Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/Prostate_gland#Chronic_inflammation_not_otherwise_specified. Accessed on March 2, 2016
- ↑ Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT (2010). "Treatment of bacterial prostatitis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (12): 1641–52. doi:10.1086/652861. PMID 20459324.
- ↑ Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate. NIDDK 2016. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/prostatitis-disorders-of-the-prostate/Pages/facts.aspx#sec3. Accessed on February 25, 2016