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==Overview==
==Overview==
Thyroid dysfunction was first associated to [[pregnancy]] by Dr. W.E.H. Robertson, Newzeland physician, latter awarded the Sir Charles Hastings Prize for his essay in 1946. He diagnosed [[postpartum]] patients with symptoms of [[Hypothyroidism]] after pregnancy and their improvement on treatment with thyroid extracts in 1946.
Thyroid dysfunction was first associated with [[pregnancy]] by Dr. W.E.H. Robertson, physician from Newzeland, latter awarded the Sir Charles Hastings Prize for his essay in 1946. Dr. Robertson diagnosed [[postpartum]] patients with symptoms of [[Hypothyroidism]] and demonstrated their improvement on treatment with thyroid extracts in 1946.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==


===Discovery===
===Discovery===
[[image:Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg|thumb|500px|Madonna Enthroned by Duccio and Lorenzetti holding child in lap with [[Goiter]]By Unknown - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3021557]]
[[image:Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Madonna Enthroned by Duccio and Lorenzetti holding child in lap with [[Goiter]]. Source:Wikimedia commons.<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3021557</ref>]]
*1946: [[Postpartum thyroid dysfunction]] was first discovered by Dr. W.E.H. Robertson, Newzeland physician, who diagnosed [[postpartum]] patients with symptoms of [[hypothyroidism]] after [[pregnancy]] and their improvement on treatment with [[thyroid]] extracts.<ref name="Smallridge19992">{{cite journal|last1=Smallridge|first1=Robert C.|title=Postpartum Thyroid Diseases Through The Ages: A Historical View|journal=Thyroid|volume=9|issue=7|year=1999|pages=671–673|issn=1050-7256|doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.671}}</ref>
*In 98-138 AD, [[Postpartum thyroid dysfunction]] was first observed by Soranus, a Roman gynecologist, as neck swelling after birth of baby which he published in his book Gynaecia.<ref name="Smallridge2014">{{cite journal|last1=Smallridge|first1=Robert C.|title=Clark T. Sawin Historical Vignette: What Do Criminology, Harry Houdini, and King George V Have in Common with Postpartum Thyroid Dysfunction?|journal=Thyroid|volume=24|issue=12|year=2014|pages=1752–1758|issn=1050-7256|doi=10.1089/thy.2014.0165}}</ref>
*98-138 AD: PPT was first observed by Soranus, Roman gynecologist, as neck swelling after birth of baby which he published in book Gynaecia.<ref name="Smallridge2014">{{cite journal|last1=Smallridge|first1=Robert C.|title=Clark T. Sawin Historical Vignette: What Do Criminology, Harry Houdini, and King George V Have in Common with Postpartum Thyroid Dysfunction?|journal=Thyroid|volume=24|issue=12|year=2014|pages=1752–1758|issn=1050-7256|doi=10.1089/thy.2014.0165}}</ref>


*1308-1340: [[Postpartum thyroid dysfunction]] was first observed in pictures of Madonna Enthroned by Duccio and Lorenzetti holding child in lap with [[Goiter]] which later proved by Dr Glinoer D 1997 due to iodine deficiency leading to [[postpartum thyroid dysfunction]].<ref name="LazzeriCastello2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lazzeri|first1=Davide|last2=Castello|first2=ManuelFrancisco|last3=Lippi|first3=Donatella|last4=Weisz|first4=GeorgeM|title=Goiter in portraits of Judith the Jewish heroine|journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=20|issue=1|year=2016|pages=119|issn=2230-8210|doi=10.4103/2230-8210.172266}}</ref>
*In 1308-1340, [[postpartum thyroid dysfunction]] was first observed in pictures of Madonna Enthroned by Duccio and Lorenzetti holding a child in the lap with [[goiter]] which later proved by Dr. Glinoer D 1997 due to iodine deficiency leading to [[postpartum thyroid dysfunction]].<ref name="LazzeriCastello2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lazzeri|first1=Davide|last2=Castello|first2=ManuelFrancisco|last3=Lippi|first3=Donatella|last4=Weisz|first4=GeorgeM|title=Goiter in portraits of Judith the Jewish heroine|journal=Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=20|issue=1|year=2016|pages=119|issn=2230-8210|doi=10.4103/2230-8210.172266}}</ref>


*1786: Parry CH, British physician, who observed signs of [[hyperthyroidism]] in postpartum women which he described in his paper published in the posthumous publication.<ref name="HamolskyKurland1961">{{cite journal|last1=Hamolsky|first1=Milton W.|last2=Kurland|first2=George S.|last3=Freedberg|first3=A.Stone|title=The heart in hypothyroidism|journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases|volume=14|issue=5|year=1961|pages=558–569|issn=00219681|doi=10.1016/0021-9681(61)90020-0}}</ref>
*In 1786, Parry CH, a British physician, observed signs of [[hyperthyroidism]] in postpartum women. He described these signs in his paper published in the posthumous publication.<ref name="HamolskyKurland1961">{{cite journal|last1=Hamolsky|first1=Milton W.|last2=Kurland|first2=George S.|last3=Freedberg|first3=A.Stone|title=The heart in hypothyroidism|journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases|volume=14|issue=5|year=1961|pages=558–569|issn=00219681|doi=10.1016/0021-9681(61)90020-0}}</ref>


*1868: Dr. Armand Trousseau, observed signs of [[hypothyroidism]] in postpartum patients who got relief from symptoms on end of postpartum and establishment of [[menstrual cycle]] or conception but he could not connect relation of [[hypothyroidism]] to [[postpartum]]. His literature says "[[goitre]] occurring in pregnant women is apparently due to [[pregnancy]], while that of [[exophthalmos]] is seemingly cured by pregnancy"{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/lecturesonclinic01trouuoft |title=Lectures on clinical medicine, delivered at the Hotel-Dieu, Paris. Translated and edited with notes and appendices by P. Victor Bazire : Trousseau, Armand, 1801-1867 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |format= |work= |accessdate=}}
*In 1868, Dr. Armand Trousseau, observed signs of [[hypothyroidism]] in postpartum patients who improved later on with normal [[menstrual cycle]] and conception but could not establish a relation between [[hypothyroidism]] and [[postpartum]] period. Dr. Trousseau's explained the establishment of goiter "apparently" due to [[pregnancy]], and that the associated [[exophthalmos]] improves later on. {{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/lecturesonclinic01trouuoft |title=Lectures on clinical medicine, delivered at the Hotel-Dieu, Paris. Translated and edited with notes and appendices by P. Victor Bazire : Trousseau, Armand, 1801-1867 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive |format= |work= |accessdate=}}
*1888: Dr. Sawin, was first to report postpartum [[hypothyroidism]] case number 16 in the seminal report of [[myxedema]].<ref name="LindholmLaurberg2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lindholm|first1=J.|last2=Laurberg|first2=P.|title=Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects|journal=Journal of Thyroid Research|volume=2011|year=2011|pages=1–10|issn=2042-0072|doi=10.4061/2011/809341}}</ref>
*In 1888, Dr. Sawin, was the first to report postpartum [[hypothyroidism]] case number 16 in a report on [[myxedema]].<ref name="LindholmLaurberg2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lindholm|first1=J.|last2=Laurberg|first2=P.|title=Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects|journal=Journal of Thyroid Research|volume=2011|year=2011|pages=1–10|issn=2042-0072|doi=10.4061/2011/809341}}</ref>


*1888: Sir H. Bryan Donkin, British physician, associated symptoms of [[hypothyroidism]] related to pregnancy which got better after the end of [[postpartum]] period.<ref name="Landek-SalgadoGutenberg2010">{{cite journal|last1=Landek-Salgado|first1=Melissa A.|last2=Gutenberg|first2=Angelika|last3=Lupi|first3=Isabella|last4=Kimura|first4=Hiroaki|last5=Mariotti|first5=Stefano|last6=Rose|first6=Noel R.|last7=Caturegli|first7=Patrizio|title=Pregnancy, postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis, and autoimmune hypophysitis: Intimate relationships|journal=Autoimmunity Reviews|volume=9|issue=3|year=2010|pages=153–157|issn=15689972|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2009.06.001}}</ref>
*In 1888, Sir H. Bryan Donkin, a British physician, associated symptoms of [[hypothyroidism]] to pregnancy which improved after [[postpartum]] period.<ref name="Landek-SalgadoGutenberg2010">{{cite journal|last1=Landek-Salgado|first1=Melissa A.|last2=Gutenberg|first2=Angelika|last3=Lupi|first3=Isabella|last4=Kimura|first4=Hiroaki|last5=Mariotti|first5=Stefano|last6=Rose|first6=Noel R.|last7=Caturegli|first7=Patrizio|title=Pregnancy, postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis, and autoimmune hypophysitis: Intimate relationships|journal=Autoimmunity Reviews|volume=9|issue=3|year=2010|pages=153–157|issn=15689972|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2009.06.001}}</ref>
*1891: Dr. George R. Murray,  English physician, who successfully treated [[Hypothyroidism|hypothyroid]] patient after [[miscarriage]] with sheep extract of [[thyroid]].<ref name="pmid20753415">{{cite journal| author=Murray GR| title=Note on the Treatment of Myxoedema by Hypodermic Injections of an Extract of the Thyroid Gland of a Sheep. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1891 | volume= 2 | issue= 1606 | pages= 796-7 | pmid=20753415 | doi= | pmc=2273741 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20753415  }} </ref>
*In 1891, Dr. George R. Murray, an English physician, successfully treated [[Hypothyroidism|hypothyroid]] patients after [[miscarriage]] with [[thyroid]] extract from sheep.<ref name="pmid20753415">{{cite journal| author=Murray GR| title=Note on the Treatment of Myxoedema by Hypodermic Injections of an Extract of the Thyroid Gland of a Sheep. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1891 | volume= 2 | issue= 1606 | pages= 796-7 | pmid=20753415 | doi= | pmc=2273741 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20753415  }} </ref>
*In 1946, [[Postpartum thyroid dysfunction]] was first discovered by Dr. W.E.H. Robertson, a physician form Newzeland, who diagnosed [[postpartum]] patients with symptoms of [[hypothyroidism]] and demonstrated their improvement on treatment with [[thyroid]] extracts.<ref name="Smallridge19992">{{cite journal|last1=Smallridge|first1=Robert C.|title=Postpartum Thyroid Diseases Through The Ages: A Historical View|journal=Thyroid|volume=9|issue=7|year=1999|pages=671–673|issn=1050-7256|doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.671}}</ref>


*1953: Danowski and colleagues, compared levels of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) during and after pregnancy and [[postpartum]] period, and found them low in postpartum and improving after postpartum period.<ref name="pmid13296046">{{cite journal| author=BROWN-GRANT K| title=Gonadal function and thyroid activity. | journal=J Physiol | year= 1956 | volume= 131 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-84 | pmid=13296046 | doi= | pmc=1363517 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13296046  }} </ref>
*In 1953, Danowski and his colleagues compared levels of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) during and after pregnancy. They found PBI levels to be low in postpartum phase which improved after postpartum period.<ref name="pmid13296046">{{cite journal| author=BROWN-GRANT K| title=Gonadal function and thyroid activity. | journal=J Physiol | year= 1956 | volume= 131 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-84 | pmid=13296046 | doi= | pmc=1363517 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13296046  }} </ref>


*1961: Parker and Beierwaltes found antithyroid antibodies decreasing in [[pregnancy]] and increasing in [[postpartum]] period.<ref name="pmid639347">{{cite journal| author=Amino N, Kuro R, Tanizawa O, Tanaka F, Hayashi C, Kotani K et al.| title=Changes of serum anti-thyroid antibodies during and after pregnancy in autoimmune thyroid diseases. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1978 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-7 | pmid=639347 | doi= | pmc=1541198 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=639347  }} </ref>
*In 1961, Parker and Beierwaltes found decreased antithyroid antibodies in [[pregnancy]] and an increased level in [[postpartum]] period.<ref name="pmid639347">{{cite journal| author=Amino N, Kuro R, Tanizawa O, Tanaka F, Hayashi C, Kotani K et al.| title=Changes of serum anti-thyroid antibodies during and after pregnancy in autoimmune thyroid diseases. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1978 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-7 | pmid=639347 | doi= | pmc=1541198 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=639347  }} </ref>
*In 1982, Amino and colleagues were the first to discover the association between postpartum period  and the development of transient [[hyperthyroidism]] and/or [[hypothyroidism]] with prevalence of 5.5% of 505 Japanese women.<ref name="pmidPMID: 371886">{{cite journal| author=Amino N, Kuro R, Miayi K, Kumahara Y| title=Measurement of anti-thyroid antibodies in dried blood spots. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1979 | volume= 35 | issue= 1 | pages= 158-60 | pmid=PMID: 371886 | doi= | pmc=1537598 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=371886  }} </ref>
*In 1982, Amino and colleagues found the association between postpartum period  and the development of transient [[hyperthyroidism]] and/or [[hypothyroidism]] with prevalence of 5.5% of 505 Japanese women.<ref name="pmidPMID: 371886">{{cite journal| author=Amino N, Kuro R, Miayi K, Kumahara Y| title=Measurement of anti-thyroid antibodies in dried blood spots. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1979 | volume= 35 | issue= 1 | pages= 158-60 | pmid=PMID: 371886 | doi= | pmc=1537598 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=371886  }} </ref>


==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
*In 1976, Anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies were observed correlation to [[Postpartum thyroiditis|postpartum thyroidits]] by Nobuyuki Amino.<ref name="AminoMiyai1976">{{cite journal|last1=Amino|first1=Nobuyuki|last2=Miyai|first2=Kiyoshi|last3=Onishi|first3=Toshio|last4=Hashimoto|first4=Takuma|last5=Arai|first5=Kayoko|last6=Ishibashi|first6=Kaichiro|last7=Kumahara|first7=Yuichi|title=Transient Hypothyroidism After Delivery in Autoimmune Thyroiditis|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=42|issue=2|year=1976|pages=296–301|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jcem-42-2-296}}</ref>
*In 1976, anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies were observed in correlation to [[Postpartum thyroiditis|postpartum thyroidits]] by Nobuyuki Amino.<ref name="AminoMiyai1976">{{cite journal|last1=Amino|first1=Nobuyuki|last2=Miyai|first2=Kiyoshi|last3=Onishi|first3=Toshio|last4=Hashimoto|first4=Takuma|last5=Arai|first5=Kayoko|last6=Ishibashi|first6=Kaichiro|last7=Kumahara|first7=Yuichi|title=Transient Hypothyroidism After Delivery in Autoimmune Thyroiditis|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=42|issue=2|year=1976|pages=296–301|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jcem-42-2-296}}</ref>
*in 1997, Study conducted to related thyroid hormone and iodine levels in PPT.<ref name="pmid9219408">{{cite journal| author=Lazarus JH, Ammari F, Oretti R, Parkes AB, Richards CJ, Harris B| title=Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis. | journal=Br J Gen Pract | year= 1997 | volume= 47 | issue= 418 | pages= 305-8 | pmid=9219408 | doi= | pmc=1313006 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9219408  }} </ref>
*In 1997, a study was conducted to find a relation between thyroid hormone and iodine levels in PPT.<ref name="pmid9219408">{{cite journal| author=Lazarus JH, Ammari F, Oretti R, Parkes AB, Richards CJ, Harris B| title=Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis. | journal=Br J Gen Pract | year= 1997 | volume= 47 | issue= 418 | pages= 305-8 | pmid=9219408 | doi= | pmc=1313006 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9219408 }} </ref>
*In 2011, Dr. Stagnaro Green published a study in which PPT was found in relation with type 1 [[DM]].<ref>{{Cite journal
 
*In 2007, Negro R demonstrated a reduction in [[incidence]] of PPT with selenium treatment during [[pregnancy]].<ref name="pmid17284630">{{cite journal| author=Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H| title=The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2007 | volume= 92 | issue= 4 | pages= 1263-8 | pmid=17284630 | doi=10.1210/jc.2006-1821 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17284630 }} </ref>
*In 2011, Dr. Stagnaro Green demonstrated the association of PPT with type 1 [[DM]].<ref>{{Cite journal
  | author = [[Alex Stagnaro-Green]] & [[Elizabeth Pearce]]
  | author = [[Alex Stagnaro-Green]] & [[Elizabeth Pearce]]
  | title = Thyroid disorders in pregnancy
  | title = Thyroid disorders in pregnancy
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  | pmid = 23007317
  | pmid = 23007317
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*In 2007, Negro R published study showing reduction in [[incidence]] of PPT with selenium treatment during [[pregnancy]].<ref name="pmid17284630">{{cite journal| author=Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H| title=The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2007 | volume= 92 | issue= 4 | pages= 1263-8 | pmid=17284630 | doi=10.1210/jc.2006-1821 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17284630  }} </ref>
==Impact on Cultural History==
The live birth rate of United States was 4 million in 2010 and 134 million all over world. In every 18th women anti [[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO]] antibodies are present. Every day essential part of research is going to improve pregnancies out comes by better screening methods and early diagnosis of disease effecting baby or mothers. [[Postpartum thyroiditis]] early diagnosis and treatment will positively effect maternal and fetal health.
==Famous Cases==
*The following is famous case of  [[Postpartum thyroiditis|postpartum thyroidits]]:
*Dr. Terry Davis was first to find anti-[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO]] antibodies in patient who suffered loss of pregnancy.<ref name="HarrisOthman1992">{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=B.|last2=Othman|first2=S.|last3=Davies|first3=J. A.|last4=Weppner|first4=G. J.|last5=Richards|first5=C. J.|last6=Newcombe|first6=R. G.|last7=Lazarus|first7=J. H.|last8=Parkes|first8=A. B.|last9=Hall|first9=R.|last10=Phillips|first10=D. I.|title=Association between postpartum thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies and depression.|journal=BMJ|volume=305|issue=6846|year=1992|pages=152–156|issn=0959-8138|doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6846.152}}</ref>
*Dr. Terry Davis was first to find anti-[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO]] antibodies in patient who suffered loss of pregnancy.<ref name="HarrisOthman1992">{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=B.|last2=Othman|first2=S.|last3=Davies|first3=J. A.|last4=Weppner|first4=G. J.|last5=Richards|first5=C. J.|last6=Newcombe|first6=R. G.|last7=Lazarus|first7=J. H.|last8=Parkes|first8=A. B.|last9=Hall|first9=R.|last10=Phillips|first10=D. I.|title=Association between postpartum thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies and depression.|journal=BMJ|volume=305|issue=6846|year=1992|pages=152–156|issn=0959-8138|doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6846.152}}</ref>


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Latest revision as of 21:26, 27 October 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sunny Kumar MD [2]

Overview

Thyroid dysfunction was first associated with pregnancy by Dr. W.E.H. Robertson, physician from Newzeland, latter awarded the Sir Charles Hastings Prize for his essay in 1946. Dr. Robertson diagnosed postpartum patients with symptoms of Hypothyroidism and demonstrated their improvement on treatment with thyroid extracts in 1946.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Madonna Enthroned by Duccio and Lorenzetti holding child in lap with Goiter. Source:Wikimedia commons.[1]
  • In 98-138 AD, Postpartum thyroid dysfunction was first observed by Soranus, a Roman gynecologist, as neck swelling after birth of baby which he published in his book Gynaecia.[2]
  • In 1786, Parry CH, a British physician, observed signs of hyperthyroidism in postpartum women. He described these signs in his paper published in the posthumous publication.[4]
  • In 1868, Dr. Armand Trousseau, observed signs of hypothyroidism in postpartum patients who improved later on with normal menstrual cycle and conception but could not establish a relation between hypothyroidism and postpartum period. Dr. Trousseau's explained the establishment of goiter "apparently" due to pregnancy, and that the associated exophthalmos improves later on. "Lectures on clinical medicine, delivered at the Hotel-Dieu, Paris. Translated and edited with notes and appendices by P. Victor Bazire : Trousseau, Armand, 1801-1867 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive".
  • In 1888, Dr. Sawin, was the first to report postpartum hypothyroidism case number 16 in a report on myxedema.[5]
  • In 1953, Danowski and his colleagues compared levels of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) during and after pregnancy. They found PBI levels to be low in postpartum phase which improved after postpartum period.[9]
  • In 1961, Parker and Beierwaltes found decreased antithyroid antibodies in pregnancy and an increased level in postpartum period.[10]
  • In 1982, Amino and colleagues found the association between postpartum period and the development of transient hyperthyroidism and/or hypothyroidism with prevalence of 5.5% of 505 Japanese women.[11]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • In 1976, anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies were observed in correlation to postpartum thyroidits by Nobuyuki Amino.[12]
  • In 1997, a study was conducted to find a relation between thyroid hormone and iodine levels in PPT.[13]
  • In 2007, Negro R demonstrated a reduction in incidence of PPT with selenium treatment during pregnancy.[14]
  • In 2011, Dr. Stagnaro Green demonstrated the association of PPT with type 1 DM.[15]
  • Dr. Terry Davis was first to find anti-TPO antibodies in patient who suffered loss of pregnancy.[16]

References

  1. ↑ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3021557
  2. ↑ Smallridge, Robert C. (2014). "Clark T. Sawin Historical Vignette: What Do Criminology, Harry Houdini, and King George V Have in Common with Postpartum Thyroid Dysfunction?". Thyroid. 24 (12): 1752–1758. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0165. ISSN 1050-7256.
  3. ↑ Lazzeri, Davide; Castello, ManuelFrancisco; Lippi, Donatella; Weisz, GeorgeM (2016). "Goiter in portraits of Judith the Jewish heroine". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20 (1): 119. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.172266. ISSN 2230-8210.
  4. ↑ Hamolsky, Milton W.; Kurland, George S.; Freedberg, A.Stone (1961). "The heart in hypothyroidism". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 14 (5): 558–569. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(61)90020-0. ISSN 0021-9681.
  5. ↑ Lindholm, J.; Laurberg, P. (2011). "Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects". Journal of Thyroid Research. 2011: 1–10. doi:10.4061/2011/809341. ISSN 2042-0072.
  6. ↑ Landek-Salgado, Melissa A.; Gutenberg, Angelika; Lupi, Isabella; Kimura, Hiroaki; Mariotti, Stefano; Rose, Noel R.; Caturegli, Patrizio (2010). "Pregnancy, postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis, and autoimmune hypophysitis: Intimate relationships". Autoimmunity Reviews. 9 (3): 153–157. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2009.06.001. ISSN 1568-9972.
  7. ↑ Murray GR (1891). "Note on the Treatment of Myxoedema by Hypodermic Injections of an Extract of the Thyroid Gland of a Sheep". Br Med J. 2 (1606): 796–7. PMC 2273741. PMID 20753415.
  8. ↑ Smallridge, Robert C. (1999). "Postpartum Thyroid Diseases Through The Ages: A Historical View". Thyroid. 9 (7): 671–673. doi:10.1089/thy.1999.9.671. ISSN 1050-7256.
  9. ↑ BROWN-GRANT K (1956). "Gonadal function and thyroid activity". J Physiol. 131 (1): 70–84. PMC 1363517. PMID 13296046.
  10. ↑ Amino N, Kuro R, Tanizawa O, Tanaka F, Hayashi C, Kotani K; et al. (1978). "Changes of serum anti-thyroid antibodies during and after pregnancy in autoimmune thyroid diseases". Clin Exp Immunol. 31 (1): 30–7. PMC 1541198. PMID 639347.
  11. ↑ Amino N, Kuro R, Miayi K, Kumahara Y (1979). "Measurement of anti-thyroid antibodies in dried blood spots". Clin Exp Immunol. 35 (1): 158–60. PMC 1537598. PMID 371886 PMID: 371886 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. ↑ Amino, Nobuyuki; Miyai, Kiyoshi; Onishi, Toshio; Hashimoto, Takuma; Arai, Kayoko; Ishibashi, Kaichiro; Kumahara, Yuichi (1976). "Transient Hypothyroidism After Delivery in Autoimmune Thyroiditis". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 42 (2): 296–301. doi:10.1210/jcem-42-2-296. ISSN 0021-972X.
  13. ↑ Lazarus JH, Ammari F, Oretti R, Parkes AB, Richards CJ, Harris B (1997). "Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis". Br J Gen Pract. 47 (418): 305–8. PMC 1313006. PMID 9219408.
  14. ↑ Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H (2007). "The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 92 (4): 1263–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1821. PMID 17284630.
  15. ↑ Alex Stagnaro-Green & Elizabeth Pearce (2012). "Thyroid disorders in pregnancy". Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 8 (11): 650–658. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.171. PMID 23007317. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Harris, B.; Othman, S.; Davies, J. A.; Weppner, G. J.; Richards, C. J.; Newcombe, R. G.; Lazarus, J. H.; Parkes, A. B.; Hall, R.; Phillips, D. I. (1992). "Association between postpartum thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies and depression". BMJ. 305 (6846): 152–156. doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6846.152. ISSN 0959-8138.

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