Pica: Difference between revisions

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List of terms related to Pica

	Pica;
ICD-10	F50.8, F98.3
ICD-9	307.52
DiseasesDB	29704
MeSH	D010842

VisualWikitext

Revision as of 16:26, 18 November 2020

For patient information, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2] Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.

Synonyms and keywords: Pica syndrome

Overview

Historical Perspective

[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].

In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].

In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.

In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].

OR

Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.

OR

If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

OR

The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

OR

There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

Pathophysiology

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR

[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Causes

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

Epidemiology and Demographics

The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.

Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

OR

The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.

OR

[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.

OR

[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].

OR

[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

There is no racial predilection to [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

OR

[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

OR

[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

OR

Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

OR

Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

History and Symptoms

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Laboratory Findings

An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

OR

[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].

OR

Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

OR

There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

OR

Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].

OR

The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.

OR

[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].

OR

The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.

OR

[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].

OR

Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].

OR

Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].

Surgery

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].

OR

Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.

OR

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

OR

There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

OR

[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

References

Template:SIB

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 {{SI}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KS}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KS}} {{Fs}}
 {{SK}} Pica syndrome
 ==Overview==
-Pica is an [[appetite]] for non-nutritive substances (e.g., [[coal]], [[soil]], [[chalk]], paper etc.) or an abnormal appetite for some things that may be considered [[food]]s, such as food ingredients (e.g., flour, raw [[potato]], [[starch]]).<ref>* [http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1798.htm emedince.com article on "Eating Disorder: Pica"]</ref>  In order for these actions to be considered pica, they must persist for more than one month, at an age where eating such objects is considered developmentally inappropriate. The condition's name comes from the [[Latin]] word for the magpie, a bird which is reputed to eat almost anything. Pica is seen in all ages, particularly in [[pregnancy|pregnant women]] and small children, especially among children who are [[developmentally disabled]], where it is the most common eating disorder.
+==Historical Perspective==
+[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
+The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
+In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
+In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
+There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
+In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
 ==Classification==
-* [[Amylophagia]] (consumption of [[starch]])
+There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
-* [[Coprophagia]] (consumption of excrement)
-* Geophagy (consumption of [[soil]], [[clay]], or [[chalk]])
+OR
-** Consumption of dust or sand has been reported among iron deficient patients.
-* [[Hematophagy]] (ingestion of [[blood]])
+[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
-* Hyalophagia (consumption of [[glass]])
-* [[Pagophagia]] (pathological consumption of [[ice]])
+OR
-* Self-cannibalism (rare condition where body parts may be consumed; see also [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]])
-* [[Trichophagia]] (consumption of [[hair]] or wool)
+[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
-* [[Urophagia]] (consumption of [[urine]])
+[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
-* [[Xylophagia]] (consumption of [[wood]])
+OR
+Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
+OR
+If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
+According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
+OR
+The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
+OR
+There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
+==Pathophysiology==
+The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
+OR
+It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
+OR
+[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
+OR
+Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
+OR
+[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
+OR
+The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
+OR
+The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
 ==Causes==
-The scant research that has been done on the root causes of pica suggests that the majority of those afflicted tend to suffer some biochemical deficiency and more often [[Iron deficiency (medicine)|iron deficiency]].  The association between pica and [[iron deficiency anemia]] is so strong, that most patients with iron deficiency will admit to some form of pica.  Often the substance eaten by those with the disorder does not contain the [[mineral]] of deficiency.  If a mineral deficiency is not identified as the cause of pica, it often leads to a misdiagnosis as a mental disorder.
+Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
-Pica may also be a symptom of a [[hookworm]] infection.
+OR
-Unlike in humans, in dogs or cats, pica may be a sign of [[Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia|Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia]], especially when it involves eating substances such as tile grout, concrete dust, and sand.  Dogs exhibiting this form of pica should be tested for anemia with a complete [[Complete blood count|CBC]] or at least [[Hematocrit]] levels. <ref>{{cite book | last =  Plunkett | first = Signe J.  | date = 2000   | title = Emergency Procedures for the Small Animal Veterinarian | publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences | pages = 11 | isbn = 0702024872}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =  Feldman | first = Bernard F. | coauthors = Joseph G. Zinkl, Nemi Chand Jain, Oscar William Schalm  | date = 2000   | title = Schalm's Veterinary Hematology  | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | pages = 506| isbn = 0683306928}}</ref>
+Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
-==Differential Diagnosis==
+OR
-*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
-*[[Factitious disorder]]
+The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
-*Non suicidal self-injury
-*Non suicidal self-injury behaviors in personality disorders<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
+OR
+The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
+==Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases==
+[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+OR
+[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
-===Prevalence===
+The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
-The prevalence of pica is unclear.<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
+OR
+In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
+OR
+In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
+Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
+OR
+The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
+OR
+[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
+OR
+[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
+OR
+[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
+There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
+OR
+[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
+[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
+OR
+[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
+The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
+OR
-===Age===
+[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
-Pica is seen in all ages, particularly in [[pregnancy|pregnant women]] and small children.
 ==Risk Factors==
-*[[Developmental delay]]
+There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
-*Lack of supervision
-*Neglect<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
+OR
+The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
+OR
+Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
+OR
+Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
+==Screening==
+There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
+OR
+According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
+OR
+According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
+==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
+If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
+OR
+Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+OR
+Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
+==Diagnosis==
+===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
+The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
+OR
+The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
+OR
+The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
+OR
+There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
+===History and Symptoms===
+The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
+OR
+The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
+===Physical Examination===
+Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
+OR
+The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
+===Laboratory Findings===
+An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
+OR
+Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
+OR
+[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
+OR
+Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
+OR
+There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
+===Electrocardiogram===
+There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+===X-ray===
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+Echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===CT scan===
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===MRI===
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
+OR
-Pica in children, while common, can be dangerous. Children eating painted plaster containing [[lead]] may suffer brain damage from [[lead poisoning]]. There is a similar risk from eating dirt near roads that existed prior to the phaseout of [[tetra-ethyl lead]] in gasoline or prior to the cessation of the use of contaminated oil (either used, or containing toxic [[PCBs]] or [[dioxin]]) to settle dust. In addition to poisoning, there is also a much greater risk of [[bowel obstruction|gastro-intestinal obstruction]] or tearing in the [[stomach]].  Another risk of dirt eating is the possible ingestion of animal feces and the accompanying [[parasites]].
-==Diagnostic Criteria==
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
-===DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for PICA<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>===
+===Other Imaging Findings===
-{{cquote|
+There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
-*A. Persistent eating of non nutritive, non food substances over a period of at least 1 month.
+OR
-'''''AND'''''
+[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-*B. The eating of non nutritive, non food substances is inappropriate to the developmental level of the individual.
+===Other Diagnostic Studies===
+There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
-'''''AND'''''
+OR
-*C. The eating behavior is not part of a culturally supported or socially normative practice.
+[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-'''''AND'''''
+OR
+Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-*D. If the eating behavior occurs in the context of another mental disorder (e.g., [[intellectual disability]] [intellectual developmental disorder], [[autism spectrum disorder]], [[schizophrenia]])or medical condition (including pregnancy), it is sufficiently severe to warrant additional clinical attention.
-}}
 ==Treatment==
-Treatment emphasizes psychosocial, environmental, and family guidance approaches. Treatment options include: discrimination training between edible and nonedible items, self-protection devices that prohibit placement of objects in the mouth, sensory reinforcement involving screening (covering eyes briefly), contingent aversive oral taste (lemon), contingent aversive smell sensation (ammonia), contingent aversive physical sensation (water mist), brief physical restraint, and overcorrection (correct the environment, or practice appropriate or alternative responses).
+===Medical Therapy===
+There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
+OR
+Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
+OR
+The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
+OR
+[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
+OR
+The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
+OR
+The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
+OR
+[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
+OR
+Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
+OR
+Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
+OR
+Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
+OR
+Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
+===Surgery===
+Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
+OR
+Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
+OR
+The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
+OR
+The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
+OR
+Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
+===Primary Prevention===
+There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
+OR
+There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
+OR
+Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
+OR
+[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
+===Secondary Prevention===
+There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
+OR
-This involves associating negative consequences with eating non-food items and good consequences with normal behavior. Medications may be helpful in reducing the abnormal eating behavior, if pica occurs in the course of a developmental disorder, such as mental retardation, or pervasive developmental disorder. These conditions may be associated with severe behavioral disturbances, including pica. These medications enhance dopaminergic functioning, which is believed to be associated with the occurrence of pica.
+Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
 ==References==

Pica
ICD-10	F50.8, F98.3
ICD-9	307.52
DiseasesDB	29704
MeSH	D010842