Phagocyte
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US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Phagocyte
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A phagocyte is a cell that ingests and destroys foreign matter such as microorganisms or debris by a process known as phagocytosis.
Types of Phagocytes
There are two main categories of phagocytes: [1]
- macrophages (and monocytes)
- microphages, such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (primarily neutrophils)
Functions of Phagocytes
Phagocytes are extremely useful as an initial immune system response to infection. If the skin is broken, neutrophils are the first type of phagocyte to migrate to sites of injury and fight bacteria by releasing cytotoxic granules and by phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is an active process in wound healing.
Phagocytes contain many lysosomes that enable them to digest foreign material. Phagocytes engulf pathogens, debris, dead or dying cells and extracellular matrix. After engulfment into a phagosome, a lysosome which is filled with digestive enzymes (proteases and oxygen radicals) will fuse with it to form the phagolysosome. The two compartments become one phagolysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is digested.
In the case of pathogen phagocytosis, professional antigen-presenting cells (i.e.: dendritic cells and macrophages) will present on their surfaces small peptides that resulted from the digestion, bound to MHC class II molecules. Helper T cells (CD4+) later recognize these antigens presented through MHC class II complemented with a second signal and they will further supplement the cell mediated immune response.
In addition to engulfing and digesting foreign particles, phagocytes can induce apoptosis of normal and tumor cells, produce cationic proteins, complement components and clotting factors, arachidonic acid metabolites, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, cytokines, proteases and hydrolases, reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates.
Pathogen Resistance to phagocytes
Many pathogens can delay or prevent the creation of the phagolysosome such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi and Legionella. Others, such as the parasites of the genus Leishmania, are capable of resisting or circumventing being digested in the phagolysosome.
One function of T-helper cells is to activate phagocytes to digest intracellular pathogens.
Etymology
The word phagocyte etymologically means "cell that eats", originating from the Greek words phagein, meaning 'eat', and kytos, meaning 'hollow'.
References
External links
Immune system / Immunology | |
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| Systems | Adaptive immune system vs. Innate immune system • Humoral immune system vs. Cellular immune system • Complement system (Anaphylatoxins) • Intrinsic immune system |
| Antibodies and antigens | Antibody (Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody) • Allotype • Isotype • Idiotype • Antigen (Superantigen) |
| Immune cells | White blood cells (T cell, B cell, NK cell, Mast cell, Basophil, Eosinophil) • Phagocyte (Neutrophil, Macrophage, Dendritic cell) • Antigen-presenting cell • Reticuloendothelial system |
| Immunity vs. tolerance | Immunity • Autoimmunity • Allergy • Tolerance (Central) • Immunodeficiency |
| Immunogenetics | Somatic hypermutation • V(D)J recombination • Immunoglobulin class switching • MHC / HLA |
| Substances | Cytokines • Opsonin • Cytolysin |
| Other | Inflammation • Epitope (Hapten) • Cross-reactivity |
WikiDoc Research Resources for Phagocyte | |
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| Articles on Phagocyte | Most recent articles on Phagocyte • Most cited articles on Phagocyte • Review articles on Phagocyte • Articles on Phagocyte in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ |
| Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Phagocyte | Powerpoint slides on Phagocyte • Images of Phagocyte • Photos of Phagocyte • Podcasts & MP3s on Phagocyte • Videos on Phagocyte |
| Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Phagocyte | AND (Cochrane Database Syst Rev[http://worldselectshop.com/?id=9361 Cochrane Collaboration on Phagocyte • Bandolier on Phagocyte • TRIP on Phagocyte |
| Cost Effectiveness of Phagocyte | AND (Cost effectiveness) |
| group5 = Clinical Trials Involving Phagocyte | list5 = Ongoing Trials on Phagocyte at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Phagocyte • Clinical Trials on Phagocyte at Google
| group6 = Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Phagocyte
| list6 = US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Phagocyte • NICE Guidance on Phagocyte • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Phagocyte • CDC on Phagocyte
| group7 = Textbook Information on Phagocyte
| list7 = Books and Textbook Information on Phagocyte
| group8 = Pharmacology Resources on Phagocyte
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AND (Dose)}} Dosing of Phagocyte • AND (drug interactions)}} Drug interactions with Phagocyte • AND (side effects)}} Side effects of Phagocyte • AND (Allergy)}} Allergic reactions to Phagocyte • AND (overdose)}} Overdose information on Phagocyte • AND (carcinogenicity)}} Carcinogenicity information on Phagocyte • AND (pregnancy)}} Phagocyte in pregnancy • AND (pharmacokinetics)}} Pharmacokinetics of Phagocyte •
| group9 = Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Phagocyte
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AND (pharmacogenomics)}} Genetics of Phagocyte • AND (pharmacogenomics)}} Pharmacogenomics of Phagocyte • AND (proteomics)}} Proteomics of Phagocyte
| group10 = Newstories on Phagocyte
| list10 = Phagocyte in the news • Be alerted to news on Phagocyte • News trends on Phagocyte</small>
| group11 = Commentary on Phagocyte
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Blogs on Phagocyte
| group12 = Patient Resources on Phagocyte | list12 = Patient resources on Phagocyte • Discussion groups on Phagocyte • Patient Handouts on Phagocyte • Directions to Hospitals Treating Phagocyte • Risk calculators and risk factors for Phagocyte
| group13 = Healthcare Provider Resources on Phagocyte
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Symptoms of Phagocyte • Causes & Risk Factors for Phagocyte • Diagnostic studies for Phagocyte • Treatment of Phagocyte
| group14 = Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Phagocyte | list14 = CME Programs on Phagocyte
| group15 = International Resources on Phagocyte | list15 = Phagocyte en Espanol • Phagocyte en Francais
| group16 = Business Resources on Phagocyte | list16 = Phagocyte in the Marketplace • Patents on Phagocyte
| group17 = Informatics Resources on Phagocyte | list17 = List of terms related to Phagocyte
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