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| {{Infobox_Disease | | __NOTOC__ |
| | Name = Peritonsillar abscess
| | {{Peritonsillar abscess}} |
| | Image =
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| | Caption =
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| | DiseasesDB = 11141
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| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|36||j|30}}
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| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|475}}
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| | ICDO =
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| | OMIM =
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| | MedlinePlus =
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| | eMedicineSubj = emerg
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| | eMedicineTopic = 417
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| | MeshID =
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| }}
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| __Notoc__
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| {{SI}}
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{PTD}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{KS}} {{PTD}} | |
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| ==Overview==
| | {{SK}} PTA, Tonsillar abscess, Intratonsillar abscess, Quinsy |
| Peritonsillar abscess (PTA), also commonly referred to as quinsy, is defined as a collection of [[pus]] located between the tonsillar capsule and the pharyngeal constrictor muscles.
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| It is the most common deep tissue infection of the neck.<ref name="pmid18246890">{{cite journal| author=Galioto NJ| title=Peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 199-202 | pmid=18246890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18246890 }} </ref>
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| Historically, it has been thought of as a complication of acute [[tonsillitis]]. However, recent studies have proposed additional hypothesis surrounding its pathogenesis making the understanding of the disease a medical dilemma.<ref name="pmid23612569">{{cite journal| author=Powell EL, Powell J, Samuel JR, Wilson JA| title=A review of the pathogenesis of adult peritonsillar abscess: time for a re-evaluation. | journal=J Antimicrob Chemother | year= 2013 | volume= 68 | issue= 9 | pages= 1941-50 | pmid=23612569 | doi=10.1093/jac/dkt128 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23612569 }} </ref>
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| ==Historical perspective==
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| The outline below shows the historical perspective of peritonsillar abscess.<ref name="pmid8302122">{{cite journal| author=Passy V| title=Pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 1994 | volume= 104 | issue= 2 | pages= 185-90 | pmid=8302122 | doi=10.1288/00005537-199402000-00011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8302122 }} </ref>
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| *In Second and third century BC, Celcius was the first to document in literature the treatment and pathogenesis of tonsillar pathology.
| | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess overview|Overview]]== |
| *In 1700s peritonsillar abscess was first described.
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| *In the 1930s and 1940s prior to the advent of antibiotics, surgical management was the most common treatment option for peritonsillar abscess. Interval tonsillectomy was mostly done after symptom resolution.
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| *By 1947, Chaud tonsillectomy or immediate surgical tonsillectomy became the treatment option.
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| ==Classification== | | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| On the basis of computed tomographical findings, peritonsillar abscess may be classified into 3 broad categories based on the following:
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| 1. '''Shape of the abscess'''
| | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess classification]]== |
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| On the basis of shaped it may be classified as:<ref name="pmid26527518">{{cite journal| author=Kawabata M, Umakoshi M, Makise T, Miyashita K, Harada M, Nagano H et al.| title=Clinical classification of peritonsillar abscess based on CT and indications for immediate abscess tonsillectomy. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2016 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 182-6 | pmid=26527518 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2015.09.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26527518 }} </ref>
| | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| *[[Oval]] type or
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| *Cap type
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| 2. '''Location of the abscess'''
| | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess causes|Causes]]== |
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| On the basis of abscess location it may be differentiated into the following:<ref name="pmid26527518">{{cite journal| author=Kawabata M, Umakoshi M, Makise T, Miyashita K, Harada M, Nagano H et al.| title=Clinical classification of peritonsillar abscess based on CT and indications for immediate abscess tonsillectomy. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2016 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 182-6 | pmid=26527518 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2015.09.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26527518 }} </ref>
| | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess differential diagnosis|Differentiating Peritonsillar abscess from other Diseases]]== |
| *[[Superior]] or
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| *Inferior
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| 3. '''Shape and location'''
| | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| On the basis of shaped and location it may be classified as:<ref name="pmid26527518">{{cite journal| author=Kawabata M, Umakoshi M, Makise T, Miyashita K, Harada M, Nagano H et al.| title=Clinical classification of peritonsillar abscess based on CT and indications for immediate abscess tonsillectomy. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2016 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 182-6 | pmid=26527518 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2015.09.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26527518 }} </ref>
| | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess screening|Screening]]== |
| *[[Superior]] [[Oval]] type
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| *[[Superior]] Cap type
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| *Inferior [[Oval]] type and
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| *Inferior Cap type
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| ==Pathophysiology== | | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ===Anatomy=== | | ==[[Peritonsillar abscess natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| A good understanding of the [[tonsil]] and its surrounding space is important in the pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess.
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| The palatine tonsils are found in an anatomical structure called tonsillar fossa. This fossa is bounded anteriorly by palatoglossal muscle, posteriorly by palatopharyngeal muscle, laterally by a fibrous capsule and tonsillar crypts medially. Contents of the tonsillar crypts are expelled by contraction of the tonsillopharyngeus muscle.<ref name=abd>L. Michaels, H.B. Hellquist Ear, nose and throat histopathology (2nd ed.)Springer-Verlag, London (2001), pp. 281–286</ref> The tonsils form during the last months of pregnancy and becomes fully formed by 6 to 7 years of age. It then undergoes involution until small size remains in older population.
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| Located within the soft palate is the supratonsillar space occupied by series of 20 to 25 salivary glands described as Weber's glands. The ducts of these glands form a common duct which opens onto the posterior surface of the [[tonsil]] after passing through the tonsillar capsule. It is proposed that the secretions from these [[glands]] play a rule in food [[digestion]].
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| Peritonsillar abscesses form in the area between the palatine tonsil and its capsule. | |
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| ===Pathogenesis===
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| The pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess is still not well-understood.<ref name="pmid23612569">{{cite journal| author=Powell EL, Powell J, Samuel JR, Wilson JA| title=A review of the pathogenesis of adult peritonsillar abscess: time for a re-evaluation. | journal=J Antimicrob Chemother | year= 2013 | volume= 68 | issue= 9 | pages= 1941-50 | pmid=23612569 | doi=10.1093/jac/dkt128 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23612569 }} </ref> There are two proposed theories believed to be involved in the pathogensis of peritonsillar abscess formation.<ref name=abd>L. Michaels, H.B. Hellquist Ear, nose and throat histopathology (2nd ed.)Springer-Verlag, London (2001), pp. 281–286</ref><ref name="pmid8302122">{{cite journal| author=Passy V| title=Pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 1994 | volume= 104 | issue= 2 | pages= 185-90 | pmid=8302122 | doi=10.1288/00005537-199402000-00011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8302122 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25865201">{{cite journal| author=Blair AB, Booth R, Baugh R| title=A unifying theory of tonsillitis, intratonsillar abscess and peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Am J Otolaryngol | year= 2015 | volume= 36 | issue= 4 | pages= 517-20 | pmid=25865201 | doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2015.03.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25865201 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16643771">{{cite journal| author=Herzon FS, Martin AD| title=Medical and surgical treatment of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. | journal=Curr Infect Dis Rep | year= 2006 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 196-202 | pmid=16643771 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16643771 }} </ref>
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| *1. It is proposed to arise from an extension of exudative tonsillitis.
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| Some authorities believe that blockage of drainage from tonsillar crypt in acute tonsillitis results in spread of infection into the peritonsillar space.
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| *2. Involvement of Weber's gland account for the abscess formation. Some believe that peritonsillar abscess arises from infectious process involving group of salivary glands called Weber's glands located in the supratonsillar space.
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| Antigenic response following any disturbance arising from within the tonsillar crypt mucosa allows for lymphocytic interaction. This disruption in the crypt epithelium may be preceded by infectious process. Invasion and proliferation of the tonsillar crypt by infectious pathogens results in localized edema and influx of neutrophils. This is clinically seen as inflammed tonsil with or without exudation.<ref name=abd>L. Michaels, H.B. Hellquist Ear, nose and throat histopathology (2nd ed.)Springer-Verlag, London (2001), pp. 281–286</ref> Pus accumulation within tissue behind the supratonsillar space leads to tonsillar bulging, uvula and palate deviation.
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| ===Gross pathology===
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| On gross pathology, the tonsillar region is edematous and inflammed as shown below:
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| <ref name =abc>DescriptionEnglish: A right sided peritonsilar abscess Date 13 May 2011 Source Own work Author James Heilman,MD</ref>
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| [[Image:PTA2.jpg|200PX]]
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| ==Causes==
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| PTA usually arises as a complication of an untreated or partially treated episode of acute [[tonsillitis]]. The infection, in these cases, spreads to the [[Peritonsillar abscess|peritonsillar]] area (peritonsillitis). This region comprises loose connective tissue and is hence susceptible to formation of abscess. Peritonsilar abscess can also occur ''de novo''.
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| Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be causative.<ref name="pmid18039418">{{cite journal| author=Megalamani SB, Suria G, Manickam U, Balasubramanian D, Jothimahalingam S| title=Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2008 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 928-30 | pmid=18039418 | doi=10.1017/S0022215107001144 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039418 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18039418">{{cite journal| author=Megalamani SB, Suria G, Manickam U, Balasubramanian D, Jothimahalingam S| title=Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2008 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 928-30 | pmid=18039418 | doi=10.1017/S0022215107001144 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039418 }} </ref>
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| ===Life-threatening causes===
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| Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. [[Peritonsillar abscess]] may become a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the cause.<ref name="pmid15573356">{{cite journal| author=Brook I| title=Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 62 | issue= 12 | pages= 1545-50 | pmid=15573356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15573356 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18039418">{{cite journal| author=Megalamani SB, Suria G, Manickam U, Balasubramanian D, Jothimahalingam S| title=Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2008 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 928-30 | pmid=18039418 | doi=10.1017/S0022215107001144 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039418 }} </ref>
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| ===Most common cause===
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| The most frequent pathogen of peritonsillar abscess is [[Streptococcus pyogenes]].<ref name="pmid15573356">{{cite journal| author=Brook I| title=Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 62 | issue= 12 | pages= 1545-50 | pmid=15573356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15573356 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18039418">{{cite journal| author=Megalamani SB, Suria G, Manickam U, Balasubramanian D, Jothimahalingam S| title=Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2008 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 928-30 | pmid=18039418 | doi=10.1017/S0022215107001144 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039418 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1875138">{{cite journal| author=Snow DG, Campbell JB, Morgan DW| title=The microbiology of peritonsillar sepsis. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 1991 | volume= 105 | issue= 7 | pages= 553-5 | pmid=1875138 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1875138 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12092281">{{cite journal| author=Matsuda A, Tanaka H, Kanaya T, Kamata K, Hasegawa M| title=Peritonsillar abscess: a study of 724 cases in Japan. | journal=Ear Nose Throat J | year= 2002 | volume= 81 | issue= 6 | pages= 384-9 | pmid=12092281 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12092281 }} </ref>
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| ===Common causes===
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| Some common causes of [[peritonsillar abscess]] include:<ref name="pmid15573356">{{cite journal| author=Brook I| title=Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 62 | issue= 12 | pages= 1545-50 | pmid=15573356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15573356 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18039418">{{cite journal| author=Megalamani SB, Suria G, Manickam U, Balasubramanian D, Jothimahalingam S| title=Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2008 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 928-30 | pmid=18039418 | doi=10.1017/S0022215107001144 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039418 }} </ref>
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| *[[Fusobacterium necrophorum]]
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| *[[Streptococcus milleri]]
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| *[[Staphylococci]]
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| *[[Haemophilus]]
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| *[[Fusobacterium]]
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| *[[Peptostreptococcus]] spp.
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| *[[Pseudomonas]] spp.
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| *[[Enterobacter]] spp.
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| *[[Klebsiella]]
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| ===Less common causes===
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| Less common causes of peritonsillar abscess include:<ref name="pmid15573356">{{cite journal| author=Brook I| title=Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 62 | issue= 12 | pages= 1545-50 | pmid=15573356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15573356 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18039418">{{cite journal| author=Megalamani SB, Suria G, Manickam U, Balasubramanian D, Jothimahalingam S| title=Changing trends in bacteriology of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2008 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 928-30 | pmid=18039418 | doi=10.1017/S0022215107001144 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18039418 }} </ref>
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| * [[Porphyromonas]]
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| * [[Prevotella]]
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| ==Differentiating Peritonsillar abscess from Other Diseases==
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| !Variable
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| ![[Peritonsillar abscess]]
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| ! colspan="2" |[[Croup]]
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| ![[Epiglottitis]]
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| ![[Pharyngitis]]
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| ![[Tonsilitis]]
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| ![[Retropharyngeal abscess]]
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| |-
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| | rowspan="4" |Presentation
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| | rowspan="4" |
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| |[[Cough]]
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| |✔
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| |<small>—</small>
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| | rowspan="4" |[[Sore throat]], pain on swallowing, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[Abdominal pain|abdominal]] pain, [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]]
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| | rowspan="4" |[[Sore throat]], pain on swallowing, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[cough]]
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| | rowspan="4" |[[Neck pain]], [[stiff neck]], [[torticollis]]
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| [[fever]], [[malaise]], [[stridor]], and barking [[cough]]
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| |-
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| |[[Stridor]]
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| |✔
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| |✔
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| |-
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| |[[Drooling]]
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| |<small>—</small>
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| |✔
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" |Others are [[Hoarseness]], [[Difficulty breathing]], symptoms of the [[common cold]], [[Runny nose]], [[Fever]]
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| |[[Difficulty breathing|Other symptoms include difficulty breathing]], [[Difficulty swallowing|fever, chills, difficulty swallowing]], [[hoarseness]] of voice
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| |-
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| |Causes
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| | colspan="2" |[[Parainfluenza virus]]
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| |[[Hemolysis|H. influenza type b, beta-hemolytic]] [[streptococci]], ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]],'' [[fungi]] and [[viruses]].
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| |[[Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci|Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus]].
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| |Most common cause is viral including [[adenovirus]], [[rhinovirus]], [[influenza]], [[coronavirus]], and [[respiratory syncytial virus]]. Second most common causes are bacterial; ''[[Group A streptococcal infection|Group A streptococcal bacteria]]'',<ref name="pmid3601520">{{cite journal |author=Putto A |title=Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |year=1987 |pmid=3601520 |doi= |issn=}}</ref>
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| |Polymicrobial infection. Mostly; [[Streptococcus pyogenes]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]] and respiratory anaerobes (example; Fusobacteria, [[Prevotella species|Prevotella]], and Veillonella species)<ref name="pmid23520072">{{cite journal| author=Cheng J, Elden L| title=Children with deep space neck infections: our experience with 178 children. | journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 148 | issue= 6 | pages= 1037-42 | pmid=23520072 | doi=10.1177/0194599813482292 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23520072 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22481424">{{cite journal| author=Abdel-Haq N, Quezada M, Asmar BI| title=Retropharyngeal abscess in children: the rising incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2012 | volume= 31 | issue= 7 | pages= 696-9 | pmid=22481424 | doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e318256fff0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22481424 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18948832">{{cite journal| author=Inman JC, Rowe M, Ghostine M, Fleck T| title=Pediatric neck abscesses: changing organisms and empiric therapies. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 12 | pages= 2111-4 | pmid=18948832 | doi=10.1097/MLG.0b013e318182a4fb | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18948832 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15573356">{{cite journal| author=Brook I| title=Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 62 | issue= 12 | pages= 1545-50 | pmid=15573356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15573356 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18427007">{{cite journal| author=Wright CT, Stocks RM, Armstrong DL, Arnold SR, Gould HJ| title=Pediatric mediastinitis as a complication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus retropharyngeal abscess. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 4 | pages= 408-13 | pmid=18427007 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.4.408 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18427007 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2235179">{{cite journal| author=Asmar BI| title=Bacteriology of retropharyngeal abscess in children. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 1990 | volume= 9 | issue= 8 | pages= 595-7 | pmid=2235179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2235179 }} </ref>
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| |Physical exams findings
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| | colspan="2" |Suprasternal and [[intercostal]] [[Indrawing|indrawing,]]<ref name="pmid19445760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson D |title=Croup |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2009 |issue= |pages= |year=2009 |pmid=19445760 |pmc=2907784 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Inspiratory [[stridor]]<ref name="Cherry2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=James D.|title=Croup|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=4|year=2008|pages=384–391|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref>, expiratory [[wheezing]],<ref name="Cherry2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=James D.|title=Croup|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=4|year=2008|pages=384–391|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref> [[Sternal]] wall retractions<ref name="pmid194457602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson D |title=Croup |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2009 |issue= |pages= |year=2009 |pmid=19445760 |pmc=2907784 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| |[[Cyanosis]], [[Cervical]] [[lymphadenopathy]], Inflammed [[epiglottis]]
| |
| |Inflammed [[pharynx]] with or without [[exudate]]
| |
| |[[Fever]], especially 100°F or higher.<ref name="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis. Medline Plus. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001043.htm. Accessed May 2nd, 2016.</ref><ref name="urlTonsillitis - NHS Choices">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Tonsillitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx |title=Tonsillitis - NHS Choices |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>[[Erythema]], [[edema]] and [[Exudate]] of the [[tonsils]].<ref name="pmid25587367">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stelter K |title=Tonsillitis and sore throat in children |journal=GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=13 |issue= |pages=Doc07 |year=2014 |pmid=25587367 |pmc=4273168 |doi=10.3205/cto000110 |url=}}</ref> cervical [[lymphadenopathy]], [[Dysphonia]].<ref name="urlTonsillitis - Symptoms - NHS Choices">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Tonsillitis/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |title=Tonsillitis - Symptoms - NHS Choices |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
| |
| |Child may be unable to open the mouth widely. May have enlarged
| |
| | |
| [[cervical]] [[lymph nodes]] and neck mass.
| |
| |-
| |
| |Age commonly affected
| |
| |The highest occurrence is in adults between 20 to 40 years of age.<ref name="pmid18246890">{{cite journal| author=Galioto NJ| title=Peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 199-202 | pmid=18246890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18246890 }} </ref>
| |
| | colspan="2" |Mainly 6 months and 3 years old
| |
| rarely, adolescents and adults<ref name="pmid8769531">{{cite journal| author=Tong MC, Chu MC, Leighton SE, van Hasselt CA| title=Adult croup. | journal=Chest | year= 1996 | volume= 109 | issue= 6 | pages= 1659-62 | pmid=8769531 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8769531 }}</ref>
| |
| |Used to be mostly found in
| |
| | |
| pediatric age group between 3 to 5 years,
| |
| | |
| however, recent trend favors adults
| |
| | |
| as most commonly affected individuals<ref name="pmid270310102">{{cite journal| author=Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED| title=Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 2016 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 1404-7 | pmid=27031010 | doi=10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27031010 }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| with a mean age of 44.94 years.
| |
| |Mostly in children and young adults,
| |
| | |
| with 50% of cases identified
| |
| | |
| between the ages of 5 to 24 years.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bennett | first = John | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1455748013 }}</ref>
| |
| |Primarily affects children
| |
| | |
| between 5 and 15 years old.<ref name="Oroface">{{cite book |last1=Sharav |first1=Yair |last2=Benoliel |first2=Rafael |date=2008 |title=Orofacial Pain and Headache |url= |location= |publisher=Elsevier |page= |isbn=0723434123}}</ref>
| |
| |Mostly between 2-4 years, but can occur in other age groups.<ref name="pmid12777558">{{cite journal| author=Craig FW, Schunk JE| title=Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2003 | volume= 111 | issue= 6 Pt 1 | pages= 1394-8 | pmid=12777558 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12777558 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1876473">{{cite journal| author=Coulthard M, Isaacs D| title=Neonatal retropharyngeal abscess. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 1991 | volume= 10 | issue= 7 | pages= 547-9 | pmid=1876473 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1876473 }}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |Imaging finding
| |
| |
| |
| | colspan="2" |[[Steeple sign]] on neck X-ray
| |
| |[[Thumbprint sign]] on neck x-ray
| |
| |<small>—</small>
| |
| |Intraoral or transcutaneous USG may show an abscess making CT scan unnecessary.<ref name="pmid26527518">{{cite journal| author=Kawabata M, Umakoshi M, Makise T, Miyashita K, Harada M, Nagano H et al.| title=Clinical classification of peritonsillar abscess based on CT and indications for immediate abscess tonsillectomy. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2016 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 182-6 | pmid=26527518 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2015.09.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26527518 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25946659">{{cite journal| author=Nogan S, Jandali D, Cipolla M, DeSilva B| title=The use of ultrasound imaging in evaluation of peritonsillar infections. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2015 | volume= 125 | issue= 11 | pages= 2604-7 | pmid=25946659 | doi=10.1002/lary.25313 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25946659 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25945805">{{cite journal| author=Fordham MT, Rock AN, Bandarkar A, Preciado D, Levy M, Cohen J et al.| title=Transcervical ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pediatric peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2015 | volume= 125 | issue= 12 | pages= 2799-804 | pmid=25945805 | doi=10.1002/lary.25354 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25945805 }} </ref>
| |
| |On CT scan, a mass impinging on the posterior pharyngeal wall with rim enhancement is seen<ref name="pmid15667676">{{cite journal| author=Philpott CM, Selvadurai D, Banerjee AR| title=Paediatric retropharyngeal abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2004 | volume= 118 | issue= 12 | pages= 919-26 | pmid=15667676 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15667676 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12761699">{{cite journal| author=Vural C, Gungor A, Comerci S| title=Accuracy of computerized tomography in deep neck infections in the pediatric population. | journal=Am J Otolaryngol | year= 2003 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 143-8 | pmid=12761699 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12761699 }}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |Treatment
| |
| |
| |
| | colspan="2" |[[Dexamethasone]] and nebulised [[epenephrine|epinephrine]]
| |
| |Airway maintenance, p[[Parenteral|arenteral]] [[Cefotaxime]] or [[Ceftriaxone]] in combination with [[Vancomycin]]. Adjuvant therapy includes [[corticosteroids]] and racemic [[Epinephrine]].<ref name="pmid15983574">{{cite journal| author=Nickas BJ| title=A 60-year-old man with stridor, drooling, and "tripoding" following a nasal polypectomy. | journal=J Emerg Nurs | year= 2005 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 234-5; quiz 321 | pmid=15983574 | doi=10.1016/j.jen.2004.10.015 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15983574 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12557859">{{cite journal| author=Wick F, Ballmer PE, Haller A| title=Acute epiglottis in adults. | journal=Swiss Med Wkly | year= 2002 | volume= 132 | issue= 37-38 | pages= 541-7 | pmid=12557859 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12557859 }}</ref>
| |
| |[[Antimicrobial]] therapy mainly [[penicillin]]-based and [[analgesics]].
| |
| |[[Antimicrobial]] therapy mainly [[penicillin]]-based and [[analgesics]] with [[tonsilectomy]] in selected cases.
| |
| |Immediate surgical drainage and antimicrobial therapy. emperic therapy involves; ampicillin-sulbactam or clindamycin.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
| |
| ===Prevalence and incidence===
| |
| The incidence of peritonsillar abscess is highest between November to December and April to May. This has been associated with the highest rates of streptococcal pharyngitis and exudative tonsillitis around that these times.<ref name="pmid16448878">{{cite journal| author=Belleza WG, Kalman S| title=Otolaryngologic emergencies in the outpatient setting. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2006 | volume= 90 | issue= 2 | pages= 329-53 | pmid=16448878 | doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2005.12.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16448878 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12087516">{{cite journal| author=Bisno AL, Gerber MA, Gwaltney JM, Kaplan EL, Schwartz RH, Infectious Diseases Society of America| title=Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2002 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-25 | pmid=12087516 | doi=10.1086/340949 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12087516 }} </ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Age===
| |
| Peritonsillar abscess occur in all age groups. The highest occurrence is in adults between 20 to 40 years of age.<ref name="pmid18246890">{{cite journal| author=Galioto NJ| title=Peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 199-202 | pmid=18246890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18246890 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11804446">{{cite journal| author=Steyer TE| title=Peritonsillar abscess: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2002 | volume= 65 | issue= 1 | pages= 93-6 | pmid=11804446 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11804446 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16041198">{{cite journal| author=Khayr W, Taepke J| title=Management of peritonsillar abscess: needle aspiration versus incision and drainage versus tonsillectomy. | journal=Am J Ther | year= 2005 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= 344-50 | pmid=16041198 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16041198 }} </ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Race===
| |
| ===Gender===
| |
| ===Developed and developing countries===
| |
| | |
| ==Risk Factors==
| |
| Common risk factors in the development of peritonsillar abscess include:<ref name="pmid16142623">{{cite journal| author=Lehnerdt G, Senska K, Fischer M, Jahnke K| title=[Smoking promotes the formation of peritonsillar abscesses]. | journal=Laryngorhinootologie | year= 2005 | volume= 84 | issue= 9 | pages= 676-9 | pmid=16142623 | doi=10.1055/s-2005-870289 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16142623 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1351238">{{cite journal| author=Dilkes MG, Dilkes JE, Ghufoor K| title=Smoking and quinsy. | journal=Lancet | year= 1992 | volume= 339 | issue= 8808 | pages= 1552 | pmid=1351238 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1351238 }} </ref>
| |
| * Smoking
| |
| | |
| ==Screening==
| |
| | |
| ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
| |
| ===Natural history===
| |
| | |
| ===Complications===
| |
| The following are some complications that may follow peritonsillar abscess:
| |
| | |
| *Extraperitonsillar spread example parapharyngeal extension, deep neck tissues and posterior mediastinum<ref name="pmid25255362">{{cite journal| author=Coughlin AM, Baugh RF, Pine HS| title=Lingual tonsil abscess with parapharyngeal extension: a case report. | journal=Ear Nose Throat J | year= 2014 | volume= 93 | issue= 9 | pages= E7-8 | pmid=25255362 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25255362 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26591220">{{cite journal| author=Deeva YV| title=[SURGICAL TREATMENT OF TONSILLAR NECK PHLEGMON]. | journal=Klin Khir | year= 2015 | volume= | issue= 7 | pages= 47-8 | pmid=26591220 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26591220 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26527518">{{cite journal| author=Kawabata M, Umakoshi M, Makise T, Miyashita K, Harada M, Nagano H et al.| title=Clinical classification of peritonsillar abscess based on CT and indications for immediate abscess tonsillectomy. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2016 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 182-6 | pmid=26527518 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2015.09.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26527518 }} </ref>
| |
| Peritonsillar abscess may spread through the deep fascia of the neck with associated rapid progression to a more serious infection.
| |
| *Airway obstruction
| |
| *Aspiration pneumonitis or lung abscess secondary to peritonsillar abscess rupture
| |
| *Death secondary to hemorrhage from erosion or septic necrosis into carotid sheath
| |
| *Poststreptococcal sequelae (e.g., glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever) when infection is caused by Group A streptococcus
| |
| | |
| ===Prognosis===
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | | [[Peritonsillar abscess history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Peritonsillar abscess physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Peritonsillar abscess laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Peritonsillar abscess x rays|X Rays]] | [[Peritonsillar abscess other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Peritonsillar abscess other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| ===History and Symptoms===
| |
| | |
| * Unlike tonsillitis, which is more common in the pediatric age group, peritonsillar abscess has a more even age spread — from children to adults.
| |
| | |
| * Symptoms start appearing 2-8 days before the formation of [[abscess]]. Common symptoms are:<ref name="pmid18246890">{{cite journal| author=Galioto NJ| title=Peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 199-202 | pmid=18246890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18246890 }} </ref>
| |
| | |
| :*[[Drooling]]
| |
| :*[[Dysphagia]]
| |
| :*Foul smelling breath
| |
| :*[[Fever]]
| |
| :*[[Headache]]
| |
| :*[[Hoarseness]],muffled voice (also called ''hot potato voice'')
| |
| :*[[Odynophagia]]
| |
| :*[[Otalgia]] (on the side of the abscess)
| |
| :*[[Sore throat]] ( may be severe and unilateral)
| |
| :*[[Stridor]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Ferri | first = Fred | title = Ferri's clinical advisor 2015 : 5 books in 1 | publisher = Elsevier/Mosby | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0323083751 }}</ref>
| |
| :*[[Malaise]]
| |
| | |
| ===Physical Examination===
| |
| Physical examination findings suggestive of peritonsillar abscess include the following:<ref name="pmid18246890">{{cite journal| author=Galioto NJ| title=Peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 199-202 | pmid=18246890 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18246890 }} </ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Ferri | first = Fred | title = Ferri's clinical advisor 2015 : 5 books in 1 | publisher = Elsevier/Mosby | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0323083751 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8302122">{{cite journal| author=Passy V| title=Pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 1994 | volume= 104 | issue= 2 | pages= 185-90 | pmid=8302122 | doi=10.1288/00005537-199402000-00011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8302122 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11127146">{{cite journal| author=Nwe TT, Singh B| title=Management of pain in peritonsillar abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2000 | volume= 114 | issue= 10 | pages= 765-7 | pmid=11127146 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11127146 }} </ref>
| |
| | |
| *Muffled voice (also called "hot potato voice")
| |
| * [[Contralateral]] deflection of the uvula
| |
| *The tonsil is generally displaced inferiorly and medially
| |
| * Facial swelling
| |
| * Tender submandibular and anterior cervical lymph nodes.
| |
| * [[Tonsillar abscess|Tonsillar]] [[hypertrophy]] with likely [[peritonsillar]] edema.
| |
| * [[Trismus]]
| |
| * [[Drooling]]
| |
| * Rancid or fetor breath
| |
| | |
| ===Laboratory Findings===
| |
| | |
| ===Imaging Findings===
| |
| | |
|
| |
|
| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| ===Medical Therapy===
| | [[Peritonsillar abscess medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Peritonsillar abscess primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Peritonsillar abscess secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] |
|
| |
|
| ===Antimicrobial Regimen=== | | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Peritonsillar abscess case study one|Case #1]] |
|
| |
|
| ===Surgery===
| | {{Respiratory pathology}} |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| ==Prevention==
| | {{WH}} |
| | | {{WS}} |
| ===Primary prevention===
| |
| | |
| | |
| ===Secondary Prevention===
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| ==Notable Quinsy sufferers==
| |
| *George Washington is believed to have died of complications arising from Quinsy.<ref name"MountVernon">{{cite web | author =Mount Vernon Plantation | authorlink =Mount Vernon Plantation | year=2006 | url =http://www.mountvernon.org/learn/meet_george/index.cfm/pid/208/ | title =Part 4. President and Back Home | format = | work = Meet George Washington | publisher = Mount Vernon Ladies Association | accessyear =2006 }}</ref>
| |
| *Michel de Montaigne's quinsy brought about the paralysis of his tongue.
| |
| *Georges Bizet
| |
| *James Gregory of the band The Ordinary Boys was almost killed by quinsy because it was left untreated
| |
| *Brian Sweeney
| |
| *Alan Burrows
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| <references/>
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| *[http://icarus.med.utoronto.ca/carr/manual/pta.html Practical ENT For Primary Care Physicians web site]
| |
| | |
| *[http://www.drtbalu.com/quinsy.html (Detailed description with video clipping)]
| |
| | |
| {{Respiratory pathology}} | |
| | |
|
| |
|
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| [[nl:Peritonsillair abces]] | | [[Category:Otolaryngology]] |
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