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{{protein
{{Infobox_gene}}
| Name = peptide YY
'''Peptide YY''' ('''PYY''') also known as '''peptide tyrosine tyrosine''' is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the PYY [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{EntrezGene|5697}}</ref> Peptide YY is a short (36-[[amino acid]]) peptide released from cells in the [[ileum]] and [[colon (anatomy)|colon]] in response to feeding. In the blood, gut, and other elements of periphery, PYY acts to reduce appetite; similarly, when injected directly into the central nervous system, PYY is also [[anorexigenic]], i.e., it reduces appetite.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Woods S. C. |author2=D'Alessio D. A. | year = 2008 | title = Central control of body weight and appetite | url = | journal = J Clin Endocrinol Metab | volume = 93 | issue = 11 Suppl 1| pages = S37–50 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2008-1630 |pmid=18987269 }}</ref>
| caption =
| image =
| width =
| HGNCid = 9748
| Symbol = PYY
| AltSymbols =
| EntrezGene = 5697
| OMIM = 600781
| RefSeq = NM_004160
| UniProt = P10082
| PDB =
| ECnumber =
| Chromosome = 17
| Arm = q
| Band = 21.1
| LocusSupplementaryData =
}}
'''Pancreatic Peptide YY<sub>3-36</sub>''' is a [[peptide]] produced in the [[small intestine]] and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]] that reduces appetite in response to feeding.


==Description==
[[Dietary fiber]]s from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, consumed, increase the speed of transit of intestinal [[chyme]] into the [[ileum]], to raise PYY<sub>3-36</sub>, and induce satiety. Peptide YY can be produced as the result of enzymatic breakdown of crude fish proteins and ingested as a food product.<ref>http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/mccormick/pdf/Murashita%20et%20al%202009.pdf</ref>


Peptide YY<sub>3-36</sub> (PYY) is a linear [[polypeptide]] consisting of 36 [[amino acid]]s with structural homology to [[NPY]] and [[pancreatic polypeptide]].  PYY exerts its action through [[neuropeptide Y receptor|NPY receptor]]s, inhibits [[gastric motility]] and increases water and [[electrolyte]] absorption in the colon.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D | title = Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders. | journal = Am Surg | volume = 62 | issue = 3 | pages = 232-6 | year = 1996 | id = PMID 8607584}}</ref> PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion. It is secreted by the [[neuroendocrine cell]]s in the [[ileum]] and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]] in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce [[appetite]]. Research has also indicated that PYY may be useful in removing aluminium (aluminum) accumulated in the brain.
==Structure==
Peptide YY  is related to the [[pancreatic peptide]] family by having 18 of its 36 amino acids located in the same positions as pancreatic peptide.<ref name="isbn0-7216-2888-5">{{cite book | author = DeGroot, Leslie Jacob | editor = J. E. McGuigan | title = Endocrinology | edition = | language = | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia | year = 1989 | origyear =  | quote = | isbn = 0-7216-2888-5 | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate =| page = 2754 }}</ref> The two major forms of peptide YY are PYY<sub>1-36</sub> and PYY<sub>3-36</sub>, which have PP fold structural motifs. However, the most common form of circulating PYY immunoreactivity is PYY<sub>3-36</sub>, which binds to the [[Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2|Y<small>2</small> receptor (Y2R)]] of the [[neuropeptide y receptor|Y family]] of receptors.<ref name="pmid17167473">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murphy KG, Bloom SR | title = Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis | journal = Nature | volume = 444 | issue = 7121 | pages = 854–9 |date=December 2006 | pmid = 17167473 | doi = 10.1038/nature05484 | url =  }}</ref> Peptide YY<sub>3-36</sub> (PYY) is a linear [[polypeptide]] consisting of 34 [[amino acid]]s with structural [[homology (chemistry)|homology]] to [[NPY]] and [[pancreatic polypeptide]].
 
==Release==
PYY is found in L cells in the [[mucosa]] of [[gastrointestinal tract]], especially in [[ileum]] and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]. Also, a small amount of PYY, about 1-10%, is found in the [[esophagus]], [[stomach]], [[duodenum]] and [[jejunum]].<ref name="pmid3838162">{{cite journal | author = Taylor IL | title = Distribution and release of peptide YY in dog measured by specific radioimmunoassay | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 88 | issue = 3 | pages = 731–7 |date=March 1985 | pmid = 3838162 | doi = | url = }}</ref> PYY concentration in the circulation increases postprandially (after food ingestion) and decreases by [[fasting]].<ref name="pmid17167473"/> In addition, PYY is produced by a discrete population of neurons in the [[brainstem]], specifically localized to the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the [[medulla oblongata]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Glavas MM, Grayson BE, Allen SE, Copp DR, Smith MS, Cowley MA, Grove KL | title = Characterization of brainstem peptide YY (PYY) neurons | journal = J Comp Neurol| volume = 506 | issue = 2 | pages = 194–210 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18022952 | doi = 10.1002/cne.21543}}</ref> C. R. Gustavsen'' et al.'' had found PYY-producing cells located in the islets of Langerhans in rats. They were observed either alone or co-localized with glucagon or PP.<ref name="pmid18406449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gustavsen CR, Pillay N, Heller RS | title = An immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of the African ice rat, Otomys sloggetti robertsi | journal = Acta Histochem. | volume = 110 | issue = 4 | pages = 294–301 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18406449 | doi = 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.003 }}</ref>
 
==Function==
PYY exerts its action through [[neuropeptide Y receptor|NPY receptor]]s; it inhibits [[Gastrointestinal physiology#Motility|gastric motility]] and increases water and [[electrolyte]] absorption in the colon.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D | title = Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders | journal = Am Surg | volume = 62 | issue = 3 | pages = 232–6 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8607584}}</ref> PYY may also suppress [[Pancreas|pancreatic]] [[secretion]]. It is secreted by the [[neuroendocrine cell]]s in the [[ileum]] and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]] in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce [[appetite]]. PYY works by slowing the gastric emptying; hence, it increases efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Research has also indicated PYY may be useful in removing [[aluminium]] accumulated in the [[brain]].{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}
 
==Animal studies==
Several studies have shown acute peripheral administration of PYY<sub>3-36</sub> inhibits feeding of rodents and primates. Other studies on Y2R-[[knockout mouse|knockout mice]] have shown no [[anorectic]] effect on them. These findings indicate PYY<sub>3-36</sub> has an anorectic (losing appetite) effect, which is suggested to be mediated by Y2R. PYY-knockout female mice increase in body weight and fat mass. PYY-knockout mice, on the other hand, are resistant to [[obesity]], but have higher fat mass and lower glucose tolerance when fed a high-fat diet, compared to control mice. Thus, PYY also plays a very important role in energy homeostasis by balancing food intake.<ref name="pmid17167473"/> PYY oral spray was found to promote fullness.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2013/12/uf-researchers-use-oral-peptide-spray-to-stimulate-weight-loss-in-animals.html|title = UF researchers use oral peptide spray to stimulate weight loss in animals|date = Dec 19, 2013|work = |accessdate = }}</ref>  Viral gene therapy of the salivary glands resulted in long-term intake reduction.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Salivary PYY: a putative bypass to satiety|date = 2011|journal = PLOS ONE|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026137|pmid = 22028819 |volume=6 |issue = 10|pages=e26137 |pmc=3189958 |vauthors=Acosta A, Hurtado MD, Gorbatyuk O, La Sala M, Duncan D, Aslanidi G, Campbell-Thompson M, Zhang L, Herzog H, Voutetakis A, Baum BJ, Zolotukhin S}}</ref>


==Relevance to obesity==
==Relevance to obesity==


[[Leptin]] also reduces appetite in response to feeding, but [[obesity|obese]] people develop a resistance to leptin.  In contrast, obese people secrete less PYY than normal people do, and in response to added PYY, they reduce their food intake.<ref>{{cite journal
[[Leptin]] also reduces appetite in response to feeding, but [[obesity|obese]] people develop a resistance to leptin.  Obese people secrete less PYY than non-obese people,<ref name="pmid12082881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alvarez Bartolomé M, Borque M, Martinez-Sarmiento J, Aparicio E, Hernández C, Cabrerizo L, Fernández-Represa JA | title = Peptide YY secretion in morbidly obese patients before and after vertical banded gastroplasty | journal = Obes Surg | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 324–7 |date=June 2002 | pmid = 12082881 | doi = 10.1381/096089202321088084 }}</ref> and attempts to use PYY directly as a weight-loss drug have met with some success.  Researchers noted the caloric intake during a buffet lunch offered two hours after the infusion of PYY was decreased by 30% in obese subjects (P<0.001) and 31% in lean subjects (P<0.001).<ref name="pmid12954742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR | title = Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 349 | issue = 10 | pages = 941–8 |date=September 2003 | pmid = 12954742 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa030204  }}</ref>
  | author = Batterham RL ''et al''
 
  | title =Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36
While some studies have shown obese persons have lower circulating level of PYY postprandially, other studies have reported they have normal sensitivity to the [[anorectic]] effect of PYY<sub>3-36</sub>. Thus, reduction in PYY sensitivity may not be one of the causes of obesity, in contrast to the reduction of leptin sensitivity. The anorectic effect of PYY could possibly be a future obesity drug.<ref name="pmid17167473"/>
  | journal =New England Journal of Medicine
 
  | volume =349
The consumption of protein boosts PYY levels, so some benefit was observed in experimental subjects in reducing hunger and promoting weight loss.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, Chivers J, Chandarana K, Herzog H, Le Roux CW, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Withers DJ |title=Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation |journal=Cell Metabolism |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages= 223–233 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16950139 |doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2006.08.001 }}</ref> This could partially explain the weight-loss experienced with [[high-protein diet]]s, but the high thermic effect of protein appears to be the leading cause.
  | issue =10
  | pages =926-928
  | publisher = Massachusetts Medical Society
  | date = September 4, 2003
  | id = PMID 12954742
  | accessdate =  19 January 2006}}</ref>


==References==
Obese patients undergoing gastric bypass showed marked metabolic adaptations, resulting in frequent diabetes remission 1 year later. When the confounding of calorie restriction is factored out, β-cell function improves rapidly, very possibly under the influence of enhanced GLP-1 responsiveness. Insulin sensitivity improves in proportion to weight loss, with a possible involvement of PYY.<ref name="pmid24057293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nannipieri M, Baldi S, Mari A, Colligiani D, Guarino D, Camastra S, Barsotti E, Berta R, Moriconi D, Bellini R, Anselmino M, Ferrannini E | title = Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission and Role of Gut Hormones | journal = J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. | volume = 98 | issue = 11 | pages = 4391–9 |date=November 2013 | pmid = 24057293 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2013-2538 }}</ref>
{{reflist|2}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Ghrelin]]
* [[Ghrelin]]
* [[Leptin]]
* [[Leptin]]
==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|35em}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ekblad E, Sundler F |title=Distribution of pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 251–61 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825640 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00601-5  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Sandström O, El-Salhy M |title=Ontogeny and the effect of aging on pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 263–7 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825641 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00603-9  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Yang H |title=Central and peripheral regulation of gastric acid secretion by peptide YY |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 349–58 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825649 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00611-8  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Naruse S, Kitagawa M, Ishiguro H, Hayakawa T |title=Feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion by peptide YY |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 359–65 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825650 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00612-X  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Aponte GW |title=PYY-mediated fatty acid induced intestinal differentiation |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 367–76 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825651 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00613-1  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hagan MM |title=Peptide YY: a key mediator of orexigenic behavior |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 377–82 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825652 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00614-3  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Mannon PJ |title=Peptide YY as a growth factor for intestinal epithelium |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 383–8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825653 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00615-5  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Tseng WW, Liu CD |title=Peptide YY and cancer: current findings and potential clinical applications |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 389–95 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825654 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00616-7  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=El-Salhy M, Suhr O, Danielsson A |title=Peptide YY in gastrointestinal disorders |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 397–402 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825655 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00617-9  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Imamura M |title=Effects of surgical manipulation of the intestine on peptide YY and its physiology |journal=Peptides |volume=23 |issue= 2 |pages= 403–7 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11825656 |doi=10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00618-0  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Beglinger C, Degen L |title=Gastrointestinal satiety signals in humans--physiologic roles for GLP-1 and PYY? |journal=Physiol. Behav. |volume=89 |issue= 4 |pages= 460–4 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16828127 |doi= 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.048 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Eberlein GA, Eysselein VE, Schaeffer M, Layer P, Grandt D, Goebell H, Niebel W, Davis M, Lee TD, Shively JE, etal |title=A new molecular form of PYY: structural characterization of human PYY(3-36) and PYY(1-36) |journal=Peptides |volume=10 |issue= 4 |pages= 797–803 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2587421 |doi=10.1016/0196-9781(89)90116-2  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Facer P, Bishop AE, Cole GA, Aitchison M, Kendall CH, van Aswegen G, Penketh RJ, Rodek CH, McKeever P, Polak JM |title=Developmental profile of chromogranin, hormonal peptides, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in gastrointestinal endocrine cells |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=97 |issue= 1 |pages= 48–57 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2721879 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Tatemoto K, Nakano I, Makk G, Angwin P, Mann M, Schilling J, Go VL |title=Isolation and primary structure of human peptide YY |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=157 |issue= 2 |pages= 713–7 |year= 1989 |pmid= 3202875 |doi=10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80308-5  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lukinius AI, Ericsson JL, Lundqvist MK, Wilander EM |title=Ultrastructural localization of serotonin and polypeptide YY (PYY) in endocrine cells of the human rectum |journal=J. Histochem. Cytochem. |volume=34 |issue= 6 |pages= 719–26 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3517149 |doi=10.1177/34.6.3517149  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Adrian TE, Ferri GL, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, Fuessl HS, Polak JM, Bloom SR |title=Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=89 |issue= 5 |pages= 1070–7 |year= 1985 |pmid= 3840109 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lundell I, Blomqvist AG, Berglund MM, Schober DA, Johnson D, Statnick MA, Gadski RA, Gehlert DR, Larhammar D |title=Cloning of a human receptor of the NPY receptor family with high affinity for pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 49 |pages= 29123–8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 7493937 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.49.29123  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Bard JA, Walker MW, Branchek TA, Weinshank RL |title=Cloning and functional expression of a human Y4 subtype receptor for pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and peptide YY |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 45 |pages= 26762–5 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7592911 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.45.26762  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hort Y, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Shine J, Herzog H |title=Gene duplication of the human peptide YY gene (PYY) generated the pancreatic polypeptide gene (PPY) on chromosome 17q21.1 |journal=Genomics |volume=26 |issue= 1 |pages= 77–83 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7782089 |doi=10.1016/0888-7543(95)80085-Z  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Kohri K, Nata K, Yonekura H, Nagai A, Konno K, Okamoto H |title=Cloning and structural determination of human peptide YY cDNA and gene |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1173 |issue= 3 |pages= 345–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8318545 |doi=10.1016/0167-4781(93)90136-2  }}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
* {{MeshName|Peptide+YY}}
* {{MeshName|Peptide+YY}}


{{protein-stub}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=5697}}
{{Gastrointestinal hormones}}
{{Gastrointestinal hormones}}
{{Neuropeptidergics}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Peptide Yy}}
[[Category:Peptide hormones]]
[[Category:Peptide hormones]]
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[nl:PYY 3-36]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Revision as of 19:10, 5 November 2017

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External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Peptide YY (PYY) also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the PYY gene.[1] Peptide YY is a short (36-amino acid) peptide released from cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In the blood, gut, and other elements of periphery, PYY acts to reduce appetite; similarly, when injected directly into the central nervous system, PYY is also anorexigenic, i.e., it reduces appetite.[2]

Dietary fibers from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, consumed, increase the speed of transit of intestinal chyme into the ileum, to raise PYY3-36, and induce satiety. Peptide YY can be produced as the result of enzymatic breakdown of crude fish proteins and ingested as a food product.[3]

Structure

Peptide YY is related to the pancreatic peptide family by having 18 of its 36 amino acids located in the same positions as pancreatic peptide.[4] The two major forms of peptide YY are PYY1-36 and PYY3-36, which have PP fold structural motifs. However, the most common form of circulating PYY immunoreactivity is PYY3-36, which binds to the Y2 receptor (Y2R) of the Y family of receptors.[5] Peptide YY3-36 (PYY) is a linear polypeptide consisting of 34 amino acids with structural homology to NPY and pancreatic polypeptide.

Release

PYY is found in L cells in the mucosa of gastrointestinal tract, especially in ileum and colon. Also, a small amount of PYY, about 1-10%, is found in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and jejunum.[6] PYY concentration in the circulation increases postprandially (after food ingestion) and decreases by fasting.[5] In addition, PYY is produced by a discrete population of neurons in the brainstem, specifically localized to the gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata.[7] C. R. Gustavsen et al. had found PYY-producing cells located in the islets of Langerhans in rats. They were observed either alone or co-localized with glucagon or PP.[8]

Function

PYY exerts its action through NPY receptors; it inhibits gastric motility and increases water and electrolyte absorption in the colon.[9] PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion. It is secreted by the neuroendocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. PYY works by slowing the gastric emptying; hence, it increases efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Research has also indicated PYY may be useful in removing aluminium accumulated in the brain.[citation needed]

Animal studies

Several studies have shown acute peripheral administration of PYY3-36 inhibits feeding of rodents and primates. Other studies on Y2R-knockout mice have shown no anorectic effect on them. These findings indicate PYY3-36 has an anorectic (losing appetite) effect, which is suggested to be mediated by Y2R. PYY-knockout female mice increase in body weight and fat mass. PYY-knockout mice, on the other hand, are resistant to obesity, but have higher fat mass and lower glucose tolerance when fed a high-fat diet, compared to control mice. Thus, PYY also plays a very important role in energy homeostasis by balancing food intake.[5] PYY oral spray was found to promote fullness.[10] Viral gene therapy of the salivary glands resulted in long-term intake reduction.[11]

Relevance to obesity

Leptin also reduces appetite in response to feeding, but obese people develop a resistance to leptin. Obese people secrete less PYY than non-obese people,[12] and attempts to use PYY directly as a weight-loss drug have met with some success. Researchers noted the caloric intake during a buffet lunch offered two hours after the infusion of PYY was decreased by 30% in obese subjects (P<0.001) and 31% in lean subjects (P<0.001).[13]

While some studies have shown obese persons have lower circulating level of PYY postprandially, other studies have reported they have normal sensitivity to the anorectic effect of PYY3-36. Thus, reduction in PYY sensitivity may not be one of the causes of obesity, in contrast to the reduction of leptin sensitivity. The anorectic effect of PYY could possibly be a future obesity drug.[5]

The consumption of protein boosts PYY levels, so some benefit was observed in experimental subjects in reducing hunger and promoting weight loss.[14] This could partially explain the weight-loss experienced with high-protein diets, but the high thermic effect of protein appears to be the leading cause.

Obese patients undergoing gastric bypass showed marked metabolic adaptations, resulting in frequent diabetes remission 1 year later. When the confounding of calorie restriction is factored out, β-cell function improves rapidly, very possibly under the influence of enhanced GLP-1 responsiveness. Insulin sensitivity improves in proportion to weight loss, with a possible involvement of PYY.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ EntrezGene 5697
  2. ↑ Woods S. C.; D'Alessio D. A. (2008). "Central control of body weight and appetite". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93 (11 Suppl 1): S37–50. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1630. PMID 18987269.
  3. ↑ http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/mccormick/pdf/Murashita%20et%20al%202009.pdf
  4. ↑ DeGroot, Leslie Jacob (1989). J. E. McGuigan, ed. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 2754. ISBN 0-7216-2888-5.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Murphy KG, Bloom SR (December 2006). "Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis". Nature. 444 (7121): 854–9. doi:10.1038/nature05484. PMID 17167473.
  6. ↑ Taylor IL (March 1985). "Distribution and release of peptide YY in dog measured by specific radioimmunoassay". Gastroenterology. 88 (3): 731–7. PMID 3838162.
  7. ↑ Glavas MM, Grayson BE, Allen SE, Copp DR, Smith MS, Cowley MA, Grove KL (2008). "Characterization of brainstem peptide YY (PYY) neurons". J Comp Neurol. 506 (2): 194–210. doi:10.1002/cne.21543. PMID 18022952.
  8. ↑ Gustavsen CR, Pillay N, Heller RS (2008). "An immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of the African ice rat, Otomys sloggetti robertsi". Acta Histochem. 110 (4): 294–301. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.003. PMID 18406449.
  9. ↑ Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg. 62 (3): 232–6. PMID 8607584.
  10. ↑ "UF researchers use oral peptide spray to stimulate weight loss in animals". Dec 19, 2013.
  11. ↑ Acosta A, Hurtado MD, Gorbatyuk O, La Sala M, Duncan D, Aslanidi G, Campbell-Thompson M, Zhang L, Herzog H, Voutetakis A, Baum BJ, Zolotukhin S (2011). "Salivary PYY: a putative bypass to satiety". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e26137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026137. PMC 3189958. PMID 22028819.
  12. ↑ Alvarez Bartolomé M, Borque M, Martinez-Sarmiento J, Aparicio E, Hernández C, Cabrerizo L, Fernández-Represa JA (June 2002). "Peptide YY secretion in morbidly obese patients before and after vertical banded gastroplasty". Obes Surg. 12 (3): 324–7. doi:10.1381/096089202321088084. PMID 12082881.
  13. ↑ Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (September 2003). "Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36". The New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (10): 941–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030204. PMID 12954742.
  14. ↑ Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, Chivers J, Chandarana K, Herzog H, Le Roux CW, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Withers DJ (2006). "Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation". Cell Metabolism. 4 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.08.001. PMID 16950139.
  15. ↑ Nannipieri M, Baldi S, Mari A, Colligiani D, Guarino D, Camastra S, Barsotti E, Berta R, Moriconi D, Bellini R, Anselmino M, Ferrannini E (November 2013). "Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission and Role of Gut Hormones". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 (11): 4391–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2538. PMID 24057293.

Further reading

  • Ekblad E, Sundler F (2002). "Distribution of pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY". Peptides. 23 (2): 251–61. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00601-5. PMID 11825640.
  • Sandström O, El-Salhy M (2002). "Ontogeny and the effect of aging on pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY". Peptides. 23 (2): 263–7. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00603-9. PMID 11825641.
  • Yang H (2002). "Central and peripheral regulation of gastric acid secretion by peptide YY". Peptides. 23 (2): 349–58. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00611-8. PMID 11825649.
  • Naruse S, Kitagawa M, Ishiguro H, Hayakawa T (2002). "Feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion by peptide YY". Peptides. 23 (2): 359–65. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00612-X. PMID 11825650.
  • Aponte GW (2002). "PYY-mediated fatty acid induced intestinal differentiation". Peptides. 23 (2): 367–76. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00613-1. PMID 11825651.
  • Hagan MM (2002). "Peptide YY: a key mediator of orexigenic behavior". Peptides. 23 (2): 377–82. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00614-3. PMID 11825652.
  • Mannon PJ (2002). "Peptide YY as a growth factor for intestinal epithelium". Peptides. 23 (2): 383–8. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00615-5. PMID 11825653.
  • Tseng WW, Liu CD (2002). "Peptide YY and cancer: current findings and potential clinical applications". Peptides. 23 (2): 389–95. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00616-7. PMID 11825654.
  • El-Salhy M, Suhr O, Danielsson A (2002). "Peptide YY in gastrointestinal disorders". Peptides. 23 (2): 397–402. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00617-9. PMID 11825655.
  • Imamura M (2002). "Effects of surgical manipulation of the intestine on peptide YY and its physiology". Peptides. 23 (2): 403–7. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00618-0. PMID 11825656.
  • Beglinger C, Degen L (2007). "Gastrointestinal satiety signals in humans--physiologic roles for GLP-1 and PYY?". Physiol. Behav. 89 (4): 460–4. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.048. PMID 16828127.
  • Eberlein GA, Eysselein VE, Schaeffer M, Layer P, Grandt D, Goebell H, Niebel W, Davis M, Lee TD, Shively JE, et al. (1989). "A new molecular form of PYY: structural characterization of human PYY(3-36) and PYY(1-36)". Peptides. 10 (4): 797–803. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(89)90116-2. PMID 2587421.
  • Facer P, Bishop AE, Cole GA, Aitchison M, Kendall CH, van Aswegen G, Penketh RJ, Rodek CH, McKeever P, Polak JM (1989). "Developmental profile of chromogranin, hormonal peptides, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in gastrointestinal endocrine cells". Gastroenterology. 97 (1): 48–57. PMID 2721879.
  • Tatemoto K, Nakano I, Makk G, Angwin P, Mann M, Schilling J, Go VL (1989). "Isolation and primary structure of human peptide YY". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157 (2): 713–7. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80308-5. PMID 3202875.
  • Lukinius AI, Ericsson JL, Lundqvist MK, Wilander EM (1986). "Ultrastructural localization of serotonin and polypeptide YY (PYY) in endocrine cells of the human rectum". J. Histochem. Cytochem. 34 (6): 719–26. doi:10.1177/34.6.3517149. PMID 3517149.
  • Adrian TE, Ferri GL, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, Fuessl HS, Polak JM, Bloom SR (1985). "Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY". Gastroenterology. 89 (5): 1070–7. PMID 3840109.
  • Lundell I, Blomqvist AG, Berglund MM, Schober DA, Johnson D, Statnick MA, Gadski RA, Gehlert DR, Larhammar D (1996). "Cloning of a human receptor of the NPY receptor family with high affinity for pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (49): 29123–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.49.29123. PMID 7493937.
  • Bard JA, Walker MW, Branchek TA, Weinshank RL (1995). "Cloning and functional expression of a human Y4 subtype receptor for pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and peptide YY". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (45): 26762–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.45.26762. PMID 7592911.
  • Hort Y, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Shine J, Herzog H (1995). "Gene duplication of the human peptide YY gene (PYY) generated the pancreatic polypeptide gene (PPY) on chromosome 17q21.1". Genomics. 26 (1): 77–83. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80085-Z. PMID 7782089.
  • Kohri K, Nata K, Yonekura H, Nagai A, Konno K, Okamoto H (1993). "Cloning and structural determination of human peptide YY cDNA and gene". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1173 (3): 345–9. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(93)90136-2. PMID 8318545.

External links

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