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==Overview==
==Overview==
In 16th, 17th century, 18th and 19th centuries, there is evidence of chapters on the  [[peptic ulcer disease]] by Smith, Rivers and  Goldstein . 100 years ago, Polish Clinical Researcher  Professor W.Jaworski first to describe spiral-shaped microorganism  at Cracow Jagiellonian University but was confirmed in the animal by G.Bizzazero.Asklepios was the first to describe an association between GI bleeding and peptic ulcer disease.In 1982 Warren and B.J marshall cultured the organism and found a strong association between [[Helicobacter pylori]] and [[inflammation]] of [[gastric]] [[mucosa]],not due to spicy food and [[stress]] and awarded noble prize
In 16th, 17th century, 18th and 19th centuries, there is evidence of chapters on the  [[peptic ulcer disease]] by Smith, Rivers and  Goldstein . 100 years ago, Polish Clinical Researcher  Professor W.Jaworski first to describe spiral-shaped [[microorganism]] at Cracow Jagiellonian University but was confirmed in the animal by G.Bizzazero.Asklepios was the first to describe an association between [[GI bleeding]] and [[peptic ulcer disease]].In 1982 Warren and B.J marshall cultured the organism and found a strong association between [[Helicobacter pylori]] and [[inflammation]] of [[gastric]] [[mucosa]],not due to spicy food and [[stress]] and awarded noble prize


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Line 16: Line 16:
*In 1586, Marcellus Donatus of Mantua described gastric [[ulcers]] by performing autopsies  
*In 1586, Marcellus Donatus of Mantua described gastric [[ulcers]] by performing autopsies  
*In 1688, Johannes von Murault gave detailed description of duodenal [[ulcers]]  
*In 1688, Johannes von Murault gave detailed description of duodenal [[ulcers]]  
*In 1812, Broussais found that if acute [[gastritis]] is untreated, it can lead to chronic gastritis
*In 1812, Broussais found that if acute [[gastritis]] is untreated, it can lead to chronic [[gastritis]]
*In 1821, Nepveu found a relationship between gastritis and gastric cancer
*In 1821, Nepveu found a relationship between [[gastritis]] and [[gastric cancer]]
*In 1857, William Brintonin described ulcer disease and gastric cancer in his book on ulcer of the stomach
*In 1857, William Brintonin described [[ulcer]] of the [[stomach]]  and gastric cancer in his book
*In 1875, G.Bottcher and M. Letulle hypothesize that ulcers are caused by bacteria
*In 1875, G.Bottcher and M. Letulle hypothesize that [[ulcers]] are caused by [[bacteria]]
*In 1880, J.Cohnheim found that ulcers may be caused by chemical factors
*In 1880, J.Cohnheim found that [[ulcers]] may be caused by chemical factors
*In 1889, Walery Jaworski found spiral organisms in sediment washings of humans and described organisms may be involved with gastric disease
*In 1889, Walery Jaworski found spiral organisms in sediment washings of humans and described organisms may be involved with [[gastric]] disease
*In 1910, Moynihan wrote a book on duodenal ulcer<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref>
*In 1910, Moynihan wrote a book on [[duodenal ulcer]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref>
*In 1971, Howard Steer found H. pylori from biopsies of a patient with ulcers<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1971, Howard Steer found [[H. pylori]] from biopsies of a patient with [[ulcers]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In late 1970, J.R Warren, a pathologist in Perth, Australia found the appearance of spiral [[bacteria]] overlying [[gastric]] mucosa<ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref
*In late 1970, J.R Warren, a pathologist in Perth, Australia found the appearance of spiral [[bacteria]] overlying [[gastric]] mucosa<ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In 1924, Luck and Seth discovered urease  occur naturally in the human stomach
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In 1924, Luck and Seth discovered urease  occur naturally in the human stomach
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The association between Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease was made in 1982  by Warren and B.J marshall.They contended that most stomach ulcers and gastritis were caused by colonization with this bacterium, not by <nowiki>[[stress (medicine)|stress]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[spicy food]]</nowiki> as had been assumed before.<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{cite journal|author=Marshall BJ, Warren JR|title=Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration|journal=Lancet|year=1984|volume=1|issue=8390|pages=1311–1315|id=PMID 6145023}}</ref><ref name="urlHome | CDC Ulcer">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/index.htm |title=Home &#124; CDC Ulcer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The association between Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease was made in 1982  by Warren and B.J marshall.They contended that most stomach ulcers and gastritis were caused by colonization with this bacterium, not by <nowiki>[[stress (medicine)|stress]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[spicy food]]</nowiki> as had been assumed before.<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{cite journal|author=Marshall BJ, Warren JR|title=Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration|journal=Lancet|year=1984|volume=1|issue=8390|pages=1311–1315|id=PMID 6145023}}</ref><ref name="urlHome | CDC Ulcer">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/index.htm |title=Home &#124; CDC Ulcer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*In 1982 , Warren and B.J marshall cultured the organism and found a strong association between [[Helicobacter pylori]] and [[inflammation]] of gastric mucosa ,it is not due to spicy food and stress <ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlHome | CDC Ulcer">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/index.htm |title=Home &#124; CDC Ulcer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*In 1982 , Warren and B.J marshall cultured the [[organism]] and found a strong association between [[Helicobacter pylori]] and [[inflammation]] of gastric mucosa ,it is not due to spicy food and stress <ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlHome | CDC Ulcer">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/index.htm |title=Home &#124; CDC Ulcer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*In an act of self-experimentation Marshall drank a petri-dish containing a culture of organisms extracted from a patient and soon developed gastritis. His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took antibiotics to kill the remaining bacteria at the urging of his wife.This experiment was published in 1984 in the Australian Medical Journal<ref name="mja"><nowiki>{{cite web url=</nowiki>http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639<nowiki>| title=Research Enterprise, The 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |accessdate=2007-08-26}}</nowiki></ref>  
*In an act of self-experimentation Marshall drank a petri-dish containing a culture of organisms extracted from a patient and soon developed gastritis. His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took antibiotics to kill the remaining bacteria at the urging of his wife.This experiment was published in 1984 in the Australian Medical Journal<ref name="mja"><nowiki>{{cite web url=</nowiki>http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639<nowiki>| title=Research Enterprise, The 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |accessdate=2007-08-26}}</nowiki></ref>  
*In 1994, Parsonnet et al found an association between H. pylori and [[lymphomas]] of the gastrointestinal tract<ref name="pmid8145781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD |title=Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=330 |issue=18 |pages=1267–71 |year=1994 |pmid=8145781 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199405053301803 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1994, Parsonnet et al found an association between H. pylori and [[lymphomas]] of the gastrointestinal tract<ref name="pmid8145781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD |title=Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=330 |issue=18 |pages=1267–71 |year=1994 |pmid=8145781 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199405053301803 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1997 Tomb et al. completed sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the H. pylori [[genome]].This helped in identifying new virulence factors for the infectivity of H. pylori on the molecular level<ref name="pmid9252185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD, Ketchum KA, Klenk HP, Gill S, Dougherty BA, Nelson K, Quackenbush J, Zhou L, Kirkness EF, Peterson S, Loftus B, Richardson D, Dodson R, Khalak HG, Glodek A, McKenney K, Fitzegerald LM, Lee N, Adams MD, Hickey EK, Berg DE, Gocayne JD, Utterback TR, Peterson JD, Kelley JM, Cotton MD, Weidman JM, Fujii C, Bowman C, Watthey L, Wallin E, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M, Karp PD, Smith HO, Fraser CM, Venter JC |title=The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori |journal=Nature |volume=388 |issue=6642 |pages=539–47 |year=1997 |pmid=9252185 |doi=10.1038/41483 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1997 Tomb et al. completed sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the H. pylori [[genome]].This helped in identifying new virulence factors for the infectivity of H. pylori on the molecular level<ref name="pmid9252185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD, Ketchum KA, Klenk HP, Gill S, Dougherty BA, Nelson K, Quackenbush J, Zhou L, Kirkness EF, Peterson S, Loftus B, Richardson D, Dodson R, Khalak HG, Glodek A, McKenney K, Fitzegerald LM, Lee N, Adams MD, Hickey EK, Berg DE, Gocayne JD, Utterback TR, Peterson JD, Kelley JM, Cotton MD, Weidman JM, Fujii C, Bowman C, Watthey L, Wallin E, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M, Karp PD, Smith HO, Fraser CM, Venter JC |title=The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori |journal=Nature |volume=388 |issue=6642 |pages=539–47 |year=1997 |pmid=9252185 |doi=10.1038/41483 |url=}}</ref>
*In 2001, Chan et al. showed that eradication of [[H. pylori]]  prevents bleeding from ulcers that is caused by [[aspirin]] and [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]<ref name="pmid11274623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan FK, Chung SC, Suen BY, Lee YT, Leung WK, Leung VK, Wu JC, Lau JY, Hui Y, Lai MS, Chan HL, Sung JJ |title=Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=13 |pages=967–73 |year=2001 |pmid=11274623 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200103293441304 |url=}}</ref>
*In 2001, Chan et al. showed that eradication of [[H. pylori]]  prevents bleeding from ulcers that is caused by [[aspirin]] and [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]<ref name="pmid11274623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan FK, Chung SC, Suen BY, Lee YT, Leung WK, Leung VK, Wu JC, Lau JY, Hui Y, Lai MS, Chan HL, Sung JJ |title=Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=13 |pages=967–73 |year=2001 |pmid=11274623 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200103293441304 |url=}}</ref>
*In 2002, European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group published the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report, found a "test-and-treat" strategy for H. pylori in young patients without atypical symptoms. It suggests the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for H. pylori <ref name="pmid11860399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, Graham DY, Tytgat G |title=Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=167–80 |year=2002 |pmid=11860399 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 2002, European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group published the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report, found a "test-and-treat" strategy for [[H. pylori]] in young patients without atypical symptoms. It suggests the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for H. pylori <ref name="pmid11860399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, Graham DY, Tytgat G |title=Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=167–80 |year=2002 |pmid=11860399 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*'''In 2005''' Warren and Marshall awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by  Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for their discovery of the bacterium ''Helicobacter pylori'' and its role in [[gastritis]] and peptic ulcer disease<ref name="urlThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''In 2005''' Warren and Marshall awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by  Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for their discovery of the bacterium ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' and its role in [[gastritis]] and [[peptic ulcer disease]]<ref name="urlThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


*In 1992,Covacci discovered CagA [[gene]], which encodes for a cytotoxin-associated surface protein, related  with strains of H. pylori that caused duodenal ulcers and was discovered by molecular techniques were first involved in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease <ref name="pmid8516329">{{cite journal |vauthors=Covacci A, Censini S, Bugnoli M, Petracca R, Burroni D, Macchia G, Massone A, Papini E, Xiang Z, Figura N |title=Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=5791–5 |year=1993 |pmid=8516329 |pmc=46808 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1992,Covacci discovered CagA [[gene]], which encodes for a cytotoxin-associated surface protein, related  with strains of [[H. pylori]] that caused duodenal [[ulcers]] and was discovered by molecular techniques were first involved in the pathogenesis of [[peptic ulcer disease]] <ref name="pmid8516329">{{cite journal |vauthors=Covacci A, Censini S, Bugnoli M, Petracca R, Burroni D, Macchia G, Massone A, Papini E, Xiang Z, Figura N |title=Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=5791–5 |year=1993 |pmid=8516329 |pmc=46808 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
*In 1868, Kussmaul discovered that an antibacterial agent containing bismuth used to treat peptic ulcers
*In 1868, Kussmaul discovered that an antibacterial agent containing bismuth used to treat [[Peptic ulcer|peptic ulcers]]
*In 1915, Antacids are first suggested for the treatment of Peptic ulcer disease<ref name="pmid9604426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buckley MJ, O'Morain CA |title=Helicobacter biology--discovery |journal=Br. Med. Bull. |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=7–16 |year=1998 |pmid=9604426 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1915, [[Antacids]] are first suggested for the treatment of [[Peptic ulcer disease]]<ref name="pmid9604426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buckley MJ, O'Morain CA |title=Helicobacter biology--discovery |journal=Br. Med. Bull. |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=7–16 |year=1998 |pmid=9604426 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1951, J. Allende wrote a book explaining the treatment of gastric ulcers with penicillin<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref>
*In 1951, J. Allende wrote a book explaining the treatment of gastric ulcers with penicillin<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref>
*1953, Dintzis and Hastings suggested a relationship between urease and a bacterial infection,by stopping urease production in mice with antibiotics<ref name="pmid16589306">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dintzis RZ, Hastings AB |title=The Effect of Antibiotics on Urea Breakdown in Mice |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=571–8 |year=1953 |pmid=16589306 |pmc=1063826 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*1953, Dintzis and Hastings suggested a relationship between urease and a bacterial infection,by stopping urease production in mice with antibiotics<ref name="pmid16589306">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dintzis RZ, Hastings AB |title=The Effect of Antibiotics on Urea Breakdown in Mice |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=571–8 |year=1953 |pmid=16589306 |pmc=1063826 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ;Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]

Overview

In 16th, 17th century, 18th and 19th centuries, there is evidence of chapters on the peptic ulcer disease by Smith, Rivers and Goldstein . 100 years ago, Polish Clinical Researcher Professor W.Jaworski first to describe spiral-shaped microorganism at Cracow Jagiellonian University but was confirmed in the animal by G.Bizzazero.Asklepios was the first to describe an association between GI bleeding and peptic ulcer disease.In 1982 Warren and B.J marshall cultured the organism and found a strong association between Helicobacter pylori and inflammation of gastric mucosa,not due to spicy food and stress and awarded noble prize

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • 100 years ago, Polish Clinical Researcher Professor W.Jaworski first to describe spiral-shaped microorganism at Cracow Jagiellonian University but was confirmed in the animal by G.Bizzazero
  • In pre 16th century
  • In 16th, 17th century, 18th and 19th centuries, there is evidence of chapters on the peptic ulcer disease by Smith, Rivers and Goldstein [2]
  • In 1586, Marcellus Donatus of Mantua described gastric ulcers by performing autopsies
  • In 1688, Johannes von Murault gave detailed description of duodenal ulcers
  • In 1812, Broussais found that if acute gastritis is untreated, it can lead to chronic gastritis
  • In 1821, Nepveu found a relationship between gastritis and gastric cancer
  • In 1857, William Brintonin described ulcer of the stomach and gastric cancer in his book
  • In 1875, G.Bottcher and M. Letulle hypothesize that ulcers are caused by bacteria
  • In 1880, J.Cohnheim found that ulcers may be caused by chemical factors
  • In 1889, Walery Jaworski found spiral organisms in sediment washings of humans and described organisms may be involved with gastric disease
  • In 1910, Moynihan wrote a book on duodenal ulcer[3]
  • In 1971, Howard Steer found H. pylori from biopsies of a patient with ulcers[4][5]
  • In late 1970, J.R Warren, a pathologist in Perth, Australia found the appearance of spiral bacteria overlying gastric mucosa[5][6]
  • In 1982 , Warren and B.J marshall cultured the organism and found a strong association between Helicobacter pylori and inflammation of gastric mucosa ,it is not due to spicy food and stress [5][6]
  • In an act of self-experimentation Marshall drank a petri-dish containing a culture of organisms extracted from a patient and soon developed gastritis. His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took antibiotics to kill the remaining bacteria at the urging of his wife.This experiment was published in 1984 in the Australian Medical Journal[7]
  • In 1994, Parsonnet et al found an association between H. pylori and lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract[8]
  • In 1997 Tomb et al. completed sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the H. pylori genome.This helped in identifying new virulence factors for the infectivity of H. pylori on the molecular level[9]
  • In 2001, Chan et al. showed that eradication of H. pylori prevents bleeding from ulcers that is caused by aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[10]
  • In 2002, European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group published the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report, found a "test-and-treat" strategy for H. pylori in young patients without atypical symptoms. It suggests the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for H. pylori [11]
  • In 2005 Warren and Marshall awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease[12]
  • In 1992,Covacci discovered CagA gene, which encodes for a cytotoxin-associated surface protein, related with strains of H. pylori that caused duodenal ulcers and was discovered by molecular techniques were first involved in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease [13]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • In 1868, Kussmaul discovered that an antibacterial agent containing bismuth used to treat peptic ulcers
  • In 1915, Antacids are first suggested for the treatment of Peptic ulcer disease[14]
  • In 1951, J. Allende wrote a book explaining the treatment of gastric ulcers with penicillin[15]
  • 1953, Dintzis and Hastings suggested a relationship between urease and a bacterial infection,by stopping urease production in mice with antibiotics[16]
  • 1957, Charles Lieber and Andre Lefèvre suggested that antibiotics decreases the production of gastric urea to ammonia[17]
  • In 1990
    • Borody's triple therapy became commercialized under the product name Helidac in the United States[18]
    • Rauws and Tytgat described treatment of duodenal ulcer by eradication of H. pylori using Borody's triple therapy that is combination of proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics, becomes first-line therapy for eradication[19]
    • World Congress of Gastroenterology suggested eradicating H. pylori to treatment of duodenal ulcers
    • First report of resistance of H. pylori to the antibiotic metronidazole was found[20]
    • The resistance of H. pylori to treatment leads to the development of new regimen which includes many different antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor regimens for eradication[11]
  • In 1996 first antibiotic was developed by the Food and Drug Administration to treat peptic ulcer disease.[21]

References

  1. ↑ Kidd M, Modlin IM (1998). "A century of Helicobacter pylori: paradigms lost-paradigms regained". Digestion. 59 (1): 1–15. PMID 9468093.
  2. ↑ Graham DY (2014). "History of Helicobacter pylori, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 20 (18): 5191–204. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5191. PMC 4017034. PMID 24833849.
  3. ↑ Barry, J (2002). Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982. Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 0867930357.
  4. ↑ Barry, J (2002). Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982. Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 0867930357.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Konturek JW (2003). "Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer". J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 54 Suppl 3: 23–41. PMID 15075463.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Home | CDC Ulcer".
  7. ↑ {{cite web url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639| title=Research Enterprise, The 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |accessdate=2007-08-26}}
  8. ↑ Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD (1994). "Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 330 (18): 1267–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM199405053301803. PMID 8145781.
  9. ↑ Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD, Ketchum KA, Klenk HP, Gill S, Dougherty BA, Nelson K, Quackenbush J, Zhou L, Kirkness EF, Peterson S, Loftus B, Richardson D, Dodson R, Khalak HG, Glodek A, McKenney K, Fitzegerald LM, Lee N, Adams MD, Hickey EK, Berg DE, Gocayne JD, Utterback TR, Peterson JD, Kelley JM, Cotton MD, Weidman JM, Fujii C, Bowman C, Watthey L, Wallin E, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M, Karp PD, Smith HO, Fraser CM, Venter JC (1997). "The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. 388 (6642): 539–47. doi:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185.
  10. ↑ Chan FK, Chung SC, Suen BY, Lee YT, Leung WK, Leung VK, Wu JC, Lau JY, Hui Y, Lai MS, Chan HL, Sung JJ (2001). "Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (13): 967–73. doi:10.1056/NEJM200103293441304. PMID 11274623.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, Graham DY, Tytgat G (2002). "Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 (2): 167–80. PMID 11860399.
  12. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005".
  13. ↑ Covacci A, Censini S, Bugnoli M, Petracca R, Burroni D, Macchia G, Massone A, Papini E, Xiang Z, Figura N (1993). "Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (12): 5791–5. PMC 46808. PMID 8516329.
  14. ↑ Buckley MJ, O'Morain CA (1998). "Helicobacter biology--discovery". Br. Med. Bull. 54 (1): 7–16. PMID 9604426.
  15. ↑ Barry, J (2002). Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982. Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 0867930357.
  16. ↑ Dintzis RZ, Hastings AB (1953). "The Effect of Antibiotics on Urea Breakdown in Mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 39 (7): 571–8. PMC 1063826. PMID 16589306.
  17. ↑ LIEBER CS, LEFEVRE A (1957). "[Effect of oxytetracycline on acidity, ammonia, and urea in gastric juice in normal and uremic subjects]". C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. (in French). 151 (5): 1038–42. PMID 13500735.
  18. ↑ "HELIDAC® Therapy".
  19. ↑ Rauws EA, Tytgat GN (1990). "Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori". Lancet. 335 (8700): 1233–5. PMID 1971318.
  20. ↑ Becx MC, Janssen AJ, Clasener HA, de Koning RW (1990). "Metronidazole-resistant Helicobacter pylori". Lancet. 335 (8688): 539–40. PMID 1968548.
  21. ↑ Ulcer, Diagnosis and Treatment - CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases


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