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Latest revision as of 23:37, 29 July 2020

Peptic ulcer Microchapters

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Case #1

2017 ACG Guidelines for Peptic Ulcer Disease

Guidelines for the Indications to Test for, and to Treat, H. pylori Infection

Guidelines for First line Treatment Strategies of Peptic Ulcer Disease for Providers in North America

Guidlines for factors that predict the successful eradication when treating H. pylori infection

Guidelines to document H. pylori antimicrobial resistance in the North America

Guidelines for evaluation and testing of H. pylori antibiotic resistance

Guidelines for when to test for treatment success after H. pylori eradication therapy

Guidelines for penicillin allergy in patients with H. pylori infection

Guidelines for the salvage therapy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ;Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]

Overview

Hundred years ago, polish clinical researcher professor W.Jaworski was the first to describe spiral-shaped microorganism at Cracow Jagiellonian University. Asklepios was the first to describe an association between GI bleeding and peptic ulcer disease. In 1982 Warren and B.J marshall cultured the organism and found a strong association between Helicobacter pylori and inflammation of gastric mucosa and were awarded the noble prize.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • Hundred years ago, polish clinical researcher professor W.Jaworski was the first to describe the spiral-shaped microorganism at Cracow Jagiellonian University
  • In pre-16th century:
  • In 1586, Marcellus Donatus of Mantua described gastric ulcers by performing autopsies
  • In 1688, Johannes von Murault gave detailed description of duodenal ulcers
  • In 1812, Broussais found that if acute gastritis is untreated, it can lead to chronic gastritis
  • In 1821, Nepveu found a relationship between gastritis and gastric cancer
  • In 1857, William Brintonin described ulcer of the stomach and gastric cancer in his book
  • In 1875, G.Bottcher and M. Letulle hypothesize that ulcers are caused by bacteria
  • In 1880, J.Cohnheim found that ulcers may be caused by chemical factors
  • In 1889, Walery Jaworski found spiral organisms in sediment washings of humans and proposed that these organisms may be involved with gastric disease
  • In 1910, Moynihan wrote a book on duodenal ulcer[2]
  • In 1971, Howard Steer found H. pylori from biopsies of a patient with ulcers[3][4]
  • In late 1970, J.R Warren, a pathologist in Perth, Australia found the appearance of spiral bacteria overlying gastric mucosa[4][5]
  • In 1982 , Warren and B.J marshall cultured the organism and found a strong association between Helicobacter pylori and inflammation of gastric mucosa[4][5]
  • In an act of self-experimentation Marshall drank a petri-dish containing a culture of organisms extracted from a patient and soon developed gastritis. His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took antibiotics to kill the remaining bacteria at the urging of his wife.This experiment was published in 1984 in the Australian Medical Journal[6]
  • In 1994, Parsonnet et al found an association between H. pylori and lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract[7]
  • In 1997 Tomb et al. completed sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the H. pylori genome. This helped in identifying new virulence factors for the infectivity of H. pylori at the molecular level[8]
  • In 2001, Chan et al. showed that eradication of H. pylori prevents bleeding from ulcers that is caused by aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[9]
  • In 2002, European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group published the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report, found a "test-and-treat" strategy for H. pylori in young patients without atypical symptoms. It suggests the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for H. pylori [10]
  • In 2005 Warren and Marshall awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease[11]
  • In 1992,Covacci discovered CagA gene, which encodes for a cytotoxin-associated surface protein, related with strains of H. pylori that caused duodenal ulcers and was discovered by molecular techniques were first involved in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease [12]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

References

  1. Kidd M, Modlin IM (1998). "A century of Helicobacter pylori: paradigms lost-paradigms regained". Digestion. 59 (1): 1–15. PMID 9468093.
  2. Barry, J (2002). Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982. Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 0867930357.
  3. Barry, J (2002). Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982. Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 0867930357.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Konturek JW (2003). "Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer". J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 54 Suppl 3: 23–41. PMID 15075463.
  5. 5.0 5.1 "Home | CDC Ulcer".
  6. {{cite web url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639| title=Research Enterprise, The 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |accessdate=2007-08-26}}
  7. Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD (1994). "Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 330 (18): 1267–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM199405053301803. PMID 8145781.
  8. Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD, Ketchum KA, Klenk HP, Gill S, Dougherty BA, Nelson K, Quackenbush J, Zhou L, Kirkness EF, Peterson S, Loftus B, Richardson D, Dodson R, Khalak HG, Glodek A, McKenney K, Fitzegerald LM, Lee N, Adams MD, Hickey EK, Berg DE, Gocayne JD, Utterback TR, Peterson JD, Kelley JM, Cotton MD, Weidman JM, Fujii C, Bowman C, Watthey L, Wallin E, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M, Karp PD, Smith HO, Fraser CM, Venter JC (1997). "The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. 388 (6642): 539–47. doi:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185.
  9. Chan FK, Chung SC, Suen BY, Lee YT, Leung WK, Leung VK, Wu JC, Lau JY, Hui Y, Lai MS, Chan HL, Sung JJ (2001). "Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (13): 967–73. doi:10.1056/NEJM200103293441304. PMID 11274623.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, Graham DY, Tytgat G (2002). "Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 (2): 167–80. PMID 11860399.
  11. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005".
  12. Covacci A, Censini S, Bugnoli M, Petracca R, Burroni D, Macchia G, Massone A, Papini E, Xiang Z, Figura N (1993). "Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (12): 5791–5. PMC 46808. PMID 8516329.
  13. Buckley MJ, O'Morain CA (1998). "Helicobacter biology--discovery". Br. Med. Bull. 54 (1): 7–16. PMID 9604426.
  14. Barry, J (2002). Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982. Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 0867930357.
  15. Dintzis RZ, Hastings AB (1953). "The Effect of Antibiotics on Urea Breakdown in Mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 39 (7): 571–8. PMC 1063826. PMID 16589306.
  16. LIEBER CS, LEFEVRE A (1957). "[Effect of oxytetracycline on acidity, ammonia, and urea in gastric juice in normal and uremic subjects]". C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. (in French). 151 (5): 1038–42. PMID 13500735.
  17. "HELIDAC® Therapy".
  18. Rauws EA, Tytgat GN (1990). "Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori". Lancet. 335 (8700): 1233–5. PMID 1971318.
  19. Becx MC, Janssen AJ, Clasener HA, de Koning RW (1990). "Metronidazole-resistant Helicobacter pylori". Lancet. 335 (8688): 539–40. PMID 1968548.
  20. Ulcer, Diagnosis and Treatment - CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases

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