Pelvic inflammatory disease differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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==Differentiating Pelvic inflammatory disease from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Pelvic inflammatory disease from other Diseases==


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* [[Tertiary syphilis]] can have [[neurosyphilis]], [[cardiovascular syphilis]] and [[Gumma|gummas]]
* [[Tertiary syphilis]] can have [[neurosyphilis]], [[cardiovascular syphilis]] and [[Gumma|gummas]]
|}
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{| class="wikitable"
!
!Clinical Features
!Physical Examination
!Diagnostic Findings
|-
|[[Endometriosis]]
|
*[[Dysmenorrhea]]
*[[Dyspareunia]]
*[[Infertility]]
*Common in women between 25 to 35 years
|
*Nodules in the [[posterior fornix]]
*Adnexal masses
*Fixed retroverted [[uterus]]
*Lateral displacement of the [[cervix]]
|
*Increased [[CA-125|serum cancer antigen-125]] 
*Nodules of the [[Rectovaginal fascia|recto vaginal]] septum and hypoechoic, vascular mass on [[MRI]]
*Laproscopic visualization confirms the diagnosis
|-
|[[Adenomyosis]]<ref name="pmid16782099">{{cite journal| author=Parker JD, Leondires M, Sinaii N, Premkumar A, Nieman LK, Stratton P| title=Persistence of dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pain after optimal endometriosis surgery may indicate adenomyosis. | journal=Fertil Steril | year= 2006 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 711-5 | pmid=16782099 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.01.030 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16782099  }}</ref>
|
*[[Abnormal uterine bleeding]]
*[[Dysmenorrhea]]
*Common in women aged 40 and 50 years
|
* Diffuse uterine enlargement always less than size corresponding to less than 12 weeks of [[gestation]]
|
*Asymmetric thickening of the [[myometrium]] on [[MRI]]
|-
|Submucous uterine [[Leiomyoma|leiomyomas]]<ref name="pmid26477496">{{cite journal| author=Donnez J, Donnez O, Matule D, Ahrendt HJ, Hudecek R, Zatik J et al.| title=Long-term medical management of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate. | journal=Fertil Steril | year= 2016 | volume= 105 | issue= 1 | pages= 165-173.e4 | pmid=26477496 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.032 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26477496  }}</ref>
|
*[[Menorrhagia]]
*Pelvic pressure and pain
*[[Infertility]]
*Peak age of onset 25 to 44 years of age
|
*Mobile [[uterus]] with an irregular contour
|
*[[Transvaginal ultrasound]] will demonstrate the presence of myomas
|-
|[[PID|Pelvic Inflammatory disease]]<ref name="pmid24216035">{{cite journal| author=Ross J, Judlin P, Jensen J, International Union against sexually transmitted infections| title=2012 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 2014 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-7 | pmid=24216035 | doi=10.1177/0956462413498714 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24216035  }}</ref>
|
*Seen in patients with history of [[sexually transmitted disease]]
*History of multiple sexual partners 
*Common in women younger than 25 years of age
|
*[[Abdominal tenderness]] 
*Acute [[Cervical motion tenderness|cervical motion]], [[Uterus|uterine]], and adnexal tenderness
*Visualization of purulent endocervical discharge 
|
*Positive [[Nucleic acid test|Nucleic acid amplification tests]] for [[Chlamydia trachomatis]] and [[Neisseria gonorrhoeae|N. gonorrhoeae]]
*Gram negative [[diplococci]] on [[gram stain]]
|-
|Pelvic congestion Syndrome<ref name="pmid11133549">{{cite journal| author=Rozenblit AM, Ricci ZJ, Tuvia J, Amis ES| title=Incompetent and dilated ovarian veins: a common CT finding in asymptomatic parous women. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 2001 | volume= 176 | issue= 1 | pages= 119-22 | pmid=11133549 | doi=10.2214/ajr.176.1.1760119 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11133549  }}</ref>
|
*Shifting lower abdominal pain
*Deep [[dyspareunia]]
*Post-coital pain
*Exacerbation of pain after prolonged standing 
|
*Bimanual tenderness
*[[Cervical motion tenderness]]
|
*Pelvic [[varicosities]] on ultrasound with reduced blood flow
|}
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]

Latest revision as of 23:37, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Overview

Pelvic inflammatory disease must be differentiated from ectopic pregnancy, ovarian torsion, ovarian cyst hemorrhage, ruptured ovarian cysts, appendicitis, endometriosis, diverticulitis and urinary tract infection.

Differentiating Pelvic inflammatory disease from other Diseases

Disease Findings
Ectopic pregnancy History of missed menses, positive pregnancy test, ultrasound reveals an empty uterus and may show a mass in the fallopian tubes.[1]
Appendicitis Pain localized to the right iliac fossa, vomiting, abdominal ultrasound sensitivity for diagnosis of acute appendicitis is 75% to 90%.[2]
Rupturedovarian cyst Usually spontaneous, can follow history of trauma; mild chronic lower abdominal discomfort may suddenly intensify, ultrasound is diagnostic.[3]
Ovarian cyst torsion Present with acute severe unilateral lower quadrant abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, tender adnexal mass palpated in 90%, ultrasound is diagnostic.[4]
Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst Presents with localized abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Hypovolemic shock may be present; abdominal tenderness and guarding are physical exam findings, ultrasound is diagnostic.[4]
Endometriosis Present with cyclic pain that is exacerbated by onset of menses and during the luteal phase; dyspareunia, transvaginal ultrasound is suggestive, laparoscopic exploration is diagnostic.[4]
Diverticulitis Present with bowel symptoms in older women
Acute cystitis Features with increased frequency and urgency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain.[5][6]

Diseases Diagnostic tests Physical Examination Symptoms Past medical history Other Findings
Urinalysis Urine Culture Gold Standard Fever Tenderness Discharge Inguinal Lymphadenopathy Hematuria Pyuria Frequency Urgency Dysuria
Urethritis -

Gram stain & Mucoid or purulent discharge

+ - Urethral discharge + - + - - +
Pyelonephritis Identifies causative bacteria Imaging and culture + Flank or costovertebral angle + + + + - - +
Cystitis >100,000CFU/mL Urine culture + Suprapubic - + + + + + +
Prostatitis Identifies causative bacteria (in bacterial subtypes)

Urine culture

+ - - - - + + + +
Bacterial Vulvovagintis - -

Gram stain & Culture of discharge

+ - Vaginal discharge  + - - - - +
  • Number and type of sexual partners (new, casual, or regular)
  • Prior STDs
  • Previous history of symptomatic BV in female partner (in homosexual women)
Cervicitis - - culture for gonococcal cervicitis + Cervical

endocervical exudate

- - + - - +
  • Sustained endocervical bleeding easily induced by a cotton swab
Epididymitis + Culture +

Testicular & Suprapubic

+/- urethral discharge + + - + + +
Syphilis (STD) - - Darkfield microscopy +/- - - + - - - - -
Clinical Features Physical Examination Diagnostic Findings
Endometriosis
Adenomyosis[7]
  • Diffuse uterine enlargement always less than size corresponding to less than 12 weeks of gestation
Submucous uterine leiomyomas[8]
  • Mobile uterus with an irregular contour
Pelvic Inflammatory disease[9]
  • Seen in patients with history of sexually transmitted disease
  • History of multiple sexual partners 
  • Common in women younger than 25 years of age
Pelvic congestion Syndrome[10]
  • Shifting lower abdominal pain
  • Deep dyspareunia
  • Post-coital pain
  • Exacerbation of pain after prolonged standing 

References

  1. Morin L, Cargill YM, Glanc P (2016). "Ultrasound Evaluation of First Trimester Complications of Pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 38 (10): 982–988. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2016.06.001. PMID 27720100.
  2. Balthazar EJ, Birnbaum BA, Yee J, Megibow AJ, Roshkow J, Gray C (1994). "Acute appendicitis: CT and US correlation in 100 patients". Radiology. 190 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1148/radiology.190.1.8259423. PMID 8259423.
  3. Bottomley C, Bourne T (2009). "Diagnosis and management of ovarian cyst accidents". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 23 (5): 711–24. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.02.001. PMID 19299205.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bhavsar AK, Gelner EJ, Shorma T (2016). "Common Questions About the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain". Am Fam Physician. 93 (1): 41–8. PMID 26760839.
  5. W. E. Stamm (1981). "Etiology and management of the acute urethral syndrome". Sexually transmitted diseases. 8 (3): 235–238. PMID 7292216. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. W. E. Stamm, K. F. Wagner, R. Amsel, E. R. Alexander, M. Turck, G. W. Counts & K. K. Holmes (1980). "Causes of the acute urethral syndrome in women". The New England journal of medicine. 303 (8): 409–415. doi:10.1056/NEJM198008213030801. PMID 6993946. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. Parker JD, Leondires M, Sinaii N, Premkumar A, Nieman LK, Stratton P (2006). "Persistence of dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pain after optimal endometriosis surgery may indicate adenomyosis". Fertil Steril. 86 (3): 711–5. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.01.030. PMID 16782099.
  8. Donnez J, Donnez O, Matule D, Ahrendt HJ, Hudecek R, Zatik J; et al. (2016). "Long-term medical management of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate". Fertil Steril. 105 (1): 165–173.e4. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.032. PMID 26477496.
  9. Ross J, Judlin P, Jensen J, International Union against sexually transmitted infections (2014). "2012 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease". Int J STD AIDS. 25 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1177/0956462413498714. PMID 24216035.
  10. Rozenblit AM, Ricci ZJ, Tuvia J, Amis ES (2001). "Incompetent and dilated ovarian veins: a common CT finding in asymptomatic parous women". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 176 (1): 119–22. doi:10.2214/ajr.176.1.1760119. PMID 11133549.

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