Orbital cellulitis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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{{Orbital cellulitis}} | {{Orbital cellulitis}} | ||
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==Overview== | |||
==Pathogenesis== | |||
Orbital cellulitis occurs secondary to microbial inoculation of the deep soft tissue cells surrounding the eye, behind the [[Orbital septum]].<ref name="pmid15318671">{{cite journal| author=Hasanee K, Sharma S| title=Ophthaproblem. Orbital cellulitis. | journal=Can Fam Physician | year= 2004 | volume= 50 | issue= | pages= 359, 365, 367 | pmid=15318671 | doi= | pmc=2214559 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15318671 }} </ref> Damage to the cells triggers an [[acute inflammatory response|Inflammation]] resulting in vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and induction of a cascade of inflammatory markers and white blood cell chemoattractants. <ref name="inflammatory-response"> U.S. National Library of Medicine Medlineplus(2014) https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000821.htm</ref> | |||
==Genetics== | |||
==Associated Conditions== | |||
==Gross Pathology== | |||
==Microscopic Pathology== | |||
* [[Staphylococcus aureus]], is a gram-positive bacterium which is the most common of staph infections. Staphylococcus aureus infection can spread to the orbit from the skin. Staph organisms are able to produce toxins which promote their virulence which leads to the inflammatory response seen in orbital cellulitis. Staphylococcus infections are identified by a cluster arrangement on gram stain. Staphylococcus aureus forms large yellow colonies (which is distinct from other Staph infections such as Staphylococcus epidermis which forms white colonies). | * [[Staphylococcus aureus]], is a gram-positive bacterium which is the most common of staph infections. Staphylococcus aureus infection can spread to the orbit from the skin. Staph organisms are able to produce toxins which promote their virulence which leads to the inflammatory response seen in orbital cellulitis. Staphylococcus infections are identified by a cluster arrangement on gram stain. Staphylococcus aureus forms large yellow colonies (which is distinct from other Staph infections such as Staphylococcus epidermis which forms white colonies). | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Tarek Nafee, M.D. [2]
Overview
Pathogenesis
Orbital cellulitis occurs secondary to microbial inoculation of the deep soft tissue cells surrounding the eye, behind the Orbital septum.[1] Damage to the cells triggers an Inflammation resulting in vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and induction of a cascade of inflammatory markers and white blood cell chemoattractants. [2]
Genetics
Associated Conditions
Gross Pathology
Microscopic Pathology
- Staphylococcus aureus, is a gram-positive bacterium which is the most common of staph infections. Staphylococcus aureus infection can spread to the orbit from the skin. Staph organisms are able to produce toxins which promote their virulence which leads to the inflammatory response seen in orbital cellulitis. Staphylococcus infections are identified by a cluster arrangement on gram stain. Staphylococcus aureus forms large yellow colonies (which is distinct from other Staph infections such as Staphylococcus epidermis which forms white colonies).
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, is also a gram-positive bacterium responsible for orbital cellulitis due to its ability to infect the sinuses (sinusitis). Strep organisms are able to determine their own virulence and can invade surrounding tissues causing an inflammatory response seen in orbital cellulitis (similar to Staphyloccoccus aureus). Streptococcal infections are identified on culture by their formation of pairs or chains. Streptococcus pneumoniae produce green (alpha) hemolysis, or partial reduction of red blood cell hemoglobin.
References
- ↑ Hasanee K, Sharma S (2004). "Ophthaproblem. Orbital cellulitis". Can Fam Physician. 50: 359, 365, 367. PMC 2214559. PMID 15318671.
- ↑ U.S. National Library of Medicine Medlineplus(2014) https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000821.htm