Nutcracker esophagus pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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{{Nutcracker esophagus}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
Pathology specimens of the esophagus in patients with nutcracker esophagus show no significant abnormality, unlike patients with [[achalasia]] where destruction of the [[myenteric plexus]] is seen.  This has led to the thought the the pathophysiology of nutcracker esophagus may be related to abnormalities in neurotransmitters or other mediators in the distal esophagus.  Abnormalities in [[nitric oxide]] levels, which have been seen in [[achalasia]] are postulated as the primary abnormality.<ref name=Castell>{{cite journal | author = Tutuian R, Castell D | title = Esophageal motility disorders (distal esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter): modern management | journal = Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 283-94 | year = 2006 | id = PMID 16836947}}</ref><ref name=Kahrilas>{{cite journal | author = Kahrilas P | title = Esophageal motility disorders: current concepts of pathogenesis and treatment. | journal = Can J Gastroenterol | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 221-31 | year = 2000 | id = PMID 10758419}}</ref>  As GERD is associated with nutcracker esophagus, it has also been hypothesized that the alterations in nitric oxide and other released chemicals may be response to reflux.<ref name=Pilhall>{{cite journal | author = Pilhall M, Börjesson M, Rolny P, Mannheimer C | title = Diagnosis of nutcracker esophagus, segmental or diffuse hypertensive patterns, and clinical characteristics. | journal = Dig Dis Sci | volume = 47 | issue = 6 | pages = 1381-8 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 12064816}}</ref>
Pathology specimens of the esophagus in patients with nutcracker esophagus show no significant abnormality, unlike patients with [[achalasia]] where destruction of the [[myenteric plexus]] is seen.  This has led to the thought that the pathophysiology of nutcracker esophagus may be related to abnormalities in neurotransmitters or other mediators in the distal esophagus.  Abnormalities in [[nitric oxide]] levels, which have been seen in [[achalasia]] are postulated as the primary abnormality.<ref name=Castell>{{cite journal | author = Tutuian R, Castell D | title = Esophageal motility disorders (distal esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter): modern management | journal = Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 283-94 | year = 2006 | id = PMID 16836947}}</ref><ref name=Kahrilas>{{cite journal | author = Kahrilas P | title = Esophageal motility disorders: current concepts of pathogenesis and treatment. | journal = Can J Gastroenterol | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 221-31 | year = 2000 | id = PMID 10758419}}</ref>  As GERD is associated with nutcracker esophagus, it has also been hypothesized that the alterations in nitric oxide and other released chemicals may be a response to reflux.<ref name=Pilhall>{{cite journal | author = Pilhall M, Börjesson M, Rolny P, Mannheimer C | title = Diagnosis of nutcracker esophagus, segmental or diffuse hypertensive patterns, and clinical characteristics. | journal = Dig Dis Sci | volume = 47 | issue = 6 | pages = 1381-8 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 12064816}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

Latest revision as of 18:12, 8 July 2016

Nutcracker esophagus Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Pathophysiology

Pathology specimens of the esophagus in patients with nutcracker esophagus show no significant abnormality, unlike patients with achalasia where destruction of the myenteric plexus is seen. This has led to the thought that the pathophysiology of nutcracker esophagus may be related to abnormalities in neurotransmitters or other mediators in the distal esophagus. Abnormalities in nitric oxide levels, which have been seen in achalasia are postulated as the primary abnormality.[1][2] As GERD is associated with nutcracker esophagus, it has also been hypothesized that the alterations in nitric oxide and other released chemicals may be a response to reflux.[3]

References

  1. Tutuian R, Castell D (2006). "Esophageal motility disorders (distal esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter): modern management". Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 9 (4): 283–94. PMID 16836947.
  2. Kahrilas P (2000). "Esophageal motility disorders: current concepts of pathogenesis and treatment". Can J Gastroenterol. 14 (3): 221–31. PMID 10758419.
  3. Pilhall M, Börjesson M, Rolny P, Mannheimer C (2002). "Diagnosis of nutcracker esophagus, segmental or diffuse hypertensive patterns, and clinical characteristics". Dig Dis Sci. 47 (6): 1381–8. PMID 12064816.

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