Neurofilament
| NF-L neurofilament, light or low polypeptide ~68kDa | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | NEFL |
| Entrez | 4747 |
| HUGO | 7739 |
| OMIM | 162280 |
| RefSeq | NM_006158 |
| UniProt | P07196 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 8 p21 |
| NF-M Neurofilament 3 145-160kDa medium or middle neurofilament subunit | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | NEF3 |
| Alt. symbols | NEFM |
| Entrez | 4741 |
| HUGO | 7734 |
| OMIM | 162250 |
| RefSeq | NM_005382 |
| UniProt | P07197 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 8 p21 |
| NF-H 200-220kDa heavy or high molecular weight neurofilament subunit | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | NEFH |
| Entrez | 4744 |
| HUGO | 7737 |
| OMIM | 162230 |
| RefSeq | NM_021076 |
| UniProt | P12036 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 22 q12.1-13.1 |
| Alpha-internexin neuronal intermediate filament protein | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | INA |
| Alt. symbols | NEF5 |
| Entrez | 9118 |
| HUGO | 6057 |
| OMIM | 605338 |
| RefSeq | NM_032727 |
| UniProt | Q5SYD2 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 10 q24 |
| Nestin intermediate filament subunit of neuronal stem cells | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | NES |
| Entrez | 10763 |
| HUGO | 7756 |
| OMIM | 600915 |
| RefSeq | NP_006608 |
| UniProt | P48681 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 1 q23.1 |
Neurofilaments (NF) are the 10 nanometer or intermediate filaments found in neurons. They are a major component of the neuronal cytoskeleton, and are believed to function primarily to provide structural support for the axon and to regulate axon diameter. Neurofilaments are composed of polypeptide chains or subunits which belong to the same protein family as the intermediate filaments of other tissues such as keratin subunits, which make 10 nm filaments expressed specifically in epithelia. The family of proteins making intermediate filaments is divided into 5 major classes, the keratins forming the classes I and II. Class III contains the proteins vimentin, desmin, peripherin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The major neurofilament subunits occupy the class IV family of intermediate filaments, along with two other filament proteins of neurons, alpha-internexin and nestin. The class IV intermediate filament genes all share two unique introns not found in other intermediate filament gene sequences, suggesting a common evolutionary origin from one primitive class IV gene. Finally, class V corresponds to intermediate filaments of the nuclear cytoskeleton, the nuclear lamins. The term neurofibril refers to a bundle of neurofilaments.[1]
Classification
Subunit proteins
The three major neurofilament subunits were discovered from studies of axonal transport. Proteins are synthesized within the cell body, and hence they must travel along the axon to reach their final destination. The names given to the three major neurofilament subunits are based upon the apparent molecular mass of the mammalian subunits on SDS-PAGE:
- the light or lowest (NF-L) runs at 68-70 kDa
- the medium or middle (NF-M) runs at about 145-160 kDa
- the heavy or highest (NF-H) runs at 200-220 kDa
These three proteins are often referred to as the "neurofilament triplet", and numerous specific antibodies to these proteins have been developed and made commercially available. Such antibodies are widely used to identify neurons and their processes in histological sections and in tissue culture. The SDS-PAGE molecular masses of the triplet proteins vary between mammalian species, with larger species usually having larger proteins. The real molecular masses of these proteins are considerably lower than estimated based on SDS-PAGE mobility, particularly in the case of NF-H and NF-M. This is due to the highly charged C-terminal regions of the molecules. All three triplet proteins contain long stretches of polypeptide sequence rich in glutamic acid residues, and NF-M and especially NF-H also contain multiple tandemly repeated serine phosphorylation sites. These sites almost all contain the peptide lysine-serine-proline (KSP), and phosphorylation is normally found on axonal and not dendritic neurofilaments. Human NF-M has 13 of these KSP sites, while human NF-H is expressed from two alleles one of which produces 44 and the other 45 KSP repeats. Neurofilaments are found in vertebrate neurons in especially high concentrations in axons, where they appear to provide mechanical strength and regulate axonal diameter.
The fourth class IV subunit, alpha-internexin (NF66) was discovered much later than NF-L, NF-M and NF-H, and is found co-polymerized with these proteins in most mature neurons. It is generally expressed earlier in development than the other neurofilament proteins and may be found in some neurons in the apparent absence of the neurofilament triplet.
The fifth protein belonging to class IV, Nestin, is found in developing neurons and glia, and the presence of this protein is widely used to define neurogenesis. This protein is lost as development proceeds.
The class III intermediate filament protein subunit peripherin is found in neurofilaments along with the class IV subunits in a few neurons, mostly in the peripheral nervous system. Finally another class III intermediate filament subunit, vimentin, is found in developing neurons and a few very unusual neurons in the adult in association with class IV proteins, such as the horizontal neurons of the retina.
In the adult mammal neurofilament subunit proteins coassemble in vivo, forming a heteropolymer that contain NF-L or alpha-internexin plus NF-M or NF-H. Peripherin and vimentin may incorporate into neurofilaments along with these proteins. The NF-H and NF-M proteins have lengthy C-terminal tail domains that appear to control the spacing between neighboring filaments, generating aligned arrays with a fairly uniform interfilament spacing as seen in axons.
Growth
During axonal growth, new neurofilament subunits are incorporated all along the axon in a dynamic process that involves the addition of subunits along the filament length, as well as the addition of subunits at the filament ends.
After an axon has grown and connected with its target cell, the diameter of the axon may increase as much as fivefold[citation needed].
Phosphorylation is thought to contribute to the neurofilament-mediated increase of axonal caliber[2][3] by the binding of divalent cations between the sidearms of adjacent filaments[4][5]
The level of neurofilament gene expression seems to directly control axonal diameter, which in turn controls how fast electrical signals travel down the axon.[6]
Mutant mice with neurofilament abnormalities have phenotypes resembling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[7]
Use in diagnostic pathology
Neurofilament, NF, immunostaining is common in diagnostic neuropathology. It is useful for differentiating neurons (positive for NF) from glia (negative for NF). The Neurofilament light subunit can be measured with immunoassays in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma and reflects axonal damage in neurological disorders.[8] It is a useful maker for disease monitoring in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,[9] multiple sclerosis[10] and more recently Huntingtons disease.[11]
See also
References
- ↑ Löhrke, S; Brandstätter, JH; Boycott, BB; Peichl, L (Apr 1995). "Expression of neurofilament proteins by horizontal cells in the rabbit retina varies with retinal location". Journal of neurocytology. 24 (4): 283–300. PMID 7543937.
- ↑ Eyer J., Leterrier J. F. (1988). Influence of the phosphorylation state of neurofilament proteins on the interactions between purified filaments in vitro. Biochem. J. 252, 655–660
- ↑ Gou J. P., Gotow T., Janmey P. A., Leterrier J. F. (1998). Regulation of neurofilament interactions in vitro by natural and synthetic polypeptides sharing Lys-Ser-Pro sequences with the heavy neurofilament subunit NF-H: neurofilament crossbridging by antiparallel sidearm overlapping. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 36, 371–387 10.1007/BF02522486
- ↑ Kushkuley J., Chan W. K., Lee S., Eyer J., Leterrier J. F., Letournel F., Shea T. B. (2009). Neurofilament cross-bridging competes with kinesin-dependent association of neurofilaments with microtubules. J. Cell Sci. 122, 3579–3586 10.1242/jcs.051318
- ↑ Kushkuley J., Metkar S., Chan W. K., Lee S., Shea T. B. (2010). Aluminum induces neurofilament aggregation by stabilizing cross-bridging of phosphorylated c-terminal sidearms. Brain Res. 1322, 118–123 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.075
- ↑ Alberts, Bruce (2002). Molecular biology of the cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
- ↑ Lalonde R, Strazielle C; Strazielle (2003). "Neurobehavioral characteristics of mice with modified intermediate filament genes". Rev Neurosci. 14 (4): 369–85. doi:10.1515/REVNEURO.2003.14.4.369. PMID 14640321.
- ↑ Jonsson, M.; Zetterberg, H.; Van Straaten, E.; Lind, K.; Syversen, S.; Edman, Å.; Blennow, K.; Rosengren, L.; Pantoni, L.; Inzitari, D.; Wallin, A. (March 2010). "Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of white matter lesions - cross-sectional results from the LADIS study". European Journal of Neurology. 17 (3): 377–382. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02808.x. PMID 19845747.
- ↑ Rosengren, LE; Karlsson, JE; Karlsson, JO; Persson, LI; Wikkelsø, C (November 1996). "Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases have increased levels of neurofilament protein in CSF". Journal of Neurochemistry. 67 (5): 2013–8. PMID 8863508.
- ↑ Teunissen, CE; Iacobaeus, E; Khademi, M; Brundin, L; Norgren, N; Koel-Simmelink, MJ; Schepens, M; Bouwman, F; Twaalfhoven, HA; Blom, HJ; Jakobs, C; Dijkstra, CD (14 April 2009). "Combination of CSF N-acetylaspartate and neurofilaments in multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 72 (15): 1322–9. PMID 19365053.
- ↑ Niemelä, Valter; Landtblom, Anne-Marie; Blennow, Kaj; Sundblom, Jimmy; Blum, David (27 February 2017). "Tau or neurofilament light—Which is the more suitable biomarker for Huntington's disease?". PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0172762. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172762.