Necrotizing fasciitis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
If left untreated, the acute inflammatory changes spread quickly, accompanied by high fever and extreme weakness leading to necrosis of soft tissue.Common complications of necrotizing fasciitis include | If left untreated, the acute inflammatory changes spread quickly, accompanied by high fever and extreme weakness leading to [[necrosis]] of soft tissue. Common complications of necrotizing fasciitis include limb loss, [[sepsis]], [[toxic shock syndrome]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]]([[DIC]]). | ||
==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
*If left untreated, the acute inflammatory changes spread quickly, accompanied by high fever and extreme weakness. | *If left untreated, the acute inflammatory changes spread quickly, accompanied by high fever and extreme weakness. | ||
*The overlying skin becomes smooth, tense and shiny. Diffuse erythema without distinct borders is seen. | *The overlying skin becomes smooth, tense and shiny. Diffuse [[erythema]] without distinct borders is seen. | ||
*First 1 or 2 days, the lesions develop with progressive colour changes from red to purple to blue and then becomes frankly gangrenous, first turning black, then greenish yellow. | *First 1 or 2 days, the lesions develop with progressive colour changes from red to purple to blue and then becomes frankly [[gangrene|gangrenous]], first turning black, then greenish yellow. | ||
*If the patient has survived, a line of demarcation between viable and necrotic tissue would become sharply defined from days 7 to 10. | *If the patient has survived, a line of demarcation between viable and necrotic tissue would become sharply defined from days 7 to 10. | ||
*Sloughing of necrotic skin would reveal the underlying pus and extensive liquefaction necrosis of subcutaneous tissues, which will be significantly more extensive than would be suspected with the overlying area of necrotic skin. | *[[Sloughing]] of necrotic skin would reveal the underlying [[pus]] and extensive [[liquefaction necrosis]] of [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous tissues]], which will be significantly more extensive than would be suspected with the overlying area of necrotic skin. | ||
*Metastatic abscesses and pulmonary distress may develop as well. | *[[Metastatic]] [[abscesses]] and [[pulmonary distress]] may develop as well. | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
Common complications of necrotizing fasciitis include:<ref>necrotizing soft tissue infection https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001443.htm (2016) Accessed on september 6, 2016 </ref> | Common complications of necrotizing fasciitis include:<ref>necrotizing soft tissue infection https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001443.htm (2016) Accessed on september 6, 2016 </ref> | ||
*Limb loss | *Limb loss | ||
*Sepsis | *[[Sepsis]] | ||
*Kidney failure | *[[Kidney failure]] | ||
*Compartment syndrome | *[[Compartment syndrome]] | ||
*Extensive scarring and disfigurement | *Extensive [[scar|scarring]] and disfigurement | ||
*Toxic shock syndrome | *[[Toxic shock syndrome]] | ||
*Rapid advancement of disease resulting in death | *Rapid advancement of disease resulting in death | ||
*Disseminated intravascular coagulation | *[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] | ||
====Type 2 NF and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome==== | ====Type 2 NF and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome==== | ||
*Most of Type 2 NF cases are associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome which increases the mortality of streptococcal NF alone from <40% to 67% with up to half of patients needing amputation. | *Most of Type 2 NF cases are associated with [[streptococcal toxic shock syndrome]] which increases the mortality of streptococcal NF alone from <40% to 67% with up to half of patients needing [[amputation]]. | ||
*The superantigens cause massive activation of | *The [[superantigens]] cause massive activation of [[T-cell]], [[cytokine]] release, tissue damage and [[toxic shock-like syndrome]] | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
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:*Female gender | :*Female gender | ||
:*Number of comorbidities | :*Number of comorbidities | ||
:*Acute renal failure | :*[[Acute renal failure]] | ||
:*Underlying malignancy | :*Underlying [[malignancy]] | ||
:*Coagulopathy or acidosis on admission | :*[[Coagulopathy]] or [[acidosis]] on admission | ||
:*Clostridial or group A streptococcal infection | :*[[Clostridium|Clostridial]] or [[group A streptococcal]] infection | ||
:*''Vibrio vulnificus'' infection | :*''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'' infection | ||
:*Admission white blood cells >30,000 cells/mm3 | :*Admission [[white blood cells]] >30,000 cells/mm3 | ||
:*Diabetes mellitus | :*[[Diabetes mellitus]] | ||
:*Shock on admission | :*[[Shock]] on admission | ||
:*Admission serum creatinine >2mg/dl | :*Admission [[serum creatinine]] >2mg/dl | ||
:*Associated streptococcal toxic shock syndrome | :*Associated [[streptococcal toxic shock syndrome]] | ||
:*Over expression of cytokines in host | :*Over expression of [[cytokines]] in host | ||
:*Immunodeficiency | :*[[Immunodeficiency]] | ||
:*High APACHE (Acute physiology, Age, and chronic health evaluation) II scores (>13) | :*High APACHE (Acute physiology, Age, and chronic health evaluation) II scores (>13) | ||
:*Use of NSAIDs | :*Use of [[NSAID|NSAIDs]] | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| Type 4 | | Type 4 | ||
| Aggressive with rapid extension especially if immunocompromised | | Aggressive with rapid extension especially if [[immunocompromised]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 93: | Line 93: | ||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | [[Category:Dermatology]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
Revision as of 03:37, 18 September 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
If left untreated, the acute inflammatory changes spread quickly, accompanied by high fever and extreme weakness leading to necrosis of soft tissue. Common complications of necrotizing fasciitis include limb loss, sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).
Natural History
- If left untreated, the acute inflammatory changes spread quickly, accompanied by high fever and extreme weakness.
- The overlying skin becomes smooth, tense and shiny. Diffuse erythema without distinct borders is seen.
- First 1 or 2 days, the lesions develop with progressive colour changes from red to purple to blue and then becomes frankly gangrenous, first turning black, then greenish yellow.
- If the patient has survived, a line of demarcation between viable and necrotic tissue would become sharply defined from days 7 to 10.
- Sloughing of necrotic skin would reveal the underlying pus and extensive liquefaction necrosis of subcutaneous tissues, which will be significantly more extensive than would be suspected with the overlying area of necrotic skin.
- Metastatic abscesses and pulmonary distress may develop as well.
Complications
Common complications of necrotizing fasciitis include:[1]
- Limb loss
- Sepsis
- Kidney failure
- Compartment syndrome
- Extensive scarring and disfigurement
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Rapid advancement of disease resulting in death
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Type 2 NF and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
- Most of Type 2 NF cases are associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome which increases the mortality of streptococcal NF alone from <40% to 67% with up to half of patients needing amputation.
- The superantigens cause massive activation of T-cell, cytokine release, tissue damage and toxic shock-like syndrome
Prognosis
Depending on the extent of the necrotizing fasciitis at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary.[2]
- The prognostic factors associated with necrotizing fasciitis include:
- Timing to operative intervention (most important prognositic factor)
- Age older than 60 years
- Female gender
- Number of comorbidities
- Acute renal failure
- Underlying malignancy
- Coagulopathy or acidosis on admission
- Clostridial or group A streptococcal infection
- Vibrio vulnificus infection
- Admission white blood cells >30,000 cells/mm3
- Diabetes mellitus
- Shock on admission
- Admission serum creatinine >2mg/dl
- Associated streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
- Over expression of cytokines in host
- Immunodeficiency
- High APACHE (Acute physiology, Age, and chronic health evaluation) II scores (>13)
- Use of NSAIDs
Types | Prognosis |
---|---|
Type 1 | Better prognosis, more indolent, easier to recognize clinically |
Type 2 | Aggressive, easily missed, very variable |
Type 3 | Seafood ingestion or wound contamination with sea water |
Type 4 | Aggressive with rapid extension especially if immunocompromised |
References
- ↑ necrotizing soft tissue infection https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001443.htm (2016) Accessed on september 6, 2016
- ↑ Khamnuan P, Chongruksut W, Jearwattanakanok K, Patumanond J, Yodluangfun S, Tantraworasin A (2015). "Necrotizing fasciitis: risk factors of mortality". Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 8: 1–7. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S77691. PMC 4337692. PMID 25733938.