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| | {{Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES)}} |
| '''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| '''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]] [mailto:msbeih@perfuse.org] | | '''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]] [mailto:moh_sbeih@hotmail.com]Phone: 617-849-2629; '''Assistant Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]] [mailto:kfeeney@elon.edu] |
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| '''Related Key Words and Synonyms:''' Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery, single incision laparoscopic surgery, minimally invasive surgery, transanal endoscopic microsurgery, Natural orifice surgery consortium for assessment and research. | | '''''Synonyms and keywords:''''' Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery, Single incision laparoscopic surgery, Minimally invasive surgery, Transanal endoscopic microsurgery, Natural orifice surgery consortium for assessment and research, Society of american gastrointestinal and endoscopic surgeons. |
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) overview|Overview]]== |
| [[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES)]] is an experimental surgical technique whereby "scarless" abdominal operations can be performed. The surgeon accesses the peritoneal cavity or the thoracic cavity via a hollow viscus and performs diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. NOTES involves passing surgical instruments and a tiny camera through a natural orifice (mouth, urethra, anus, etc.), then the procedure can be performed through an internal incision in the stomach, vagina, bladder or colon, thus avoiding scars and external incisions through the skin, muscles, and nerves. The patients recover more quickly and experience less pain with better cosmetic results. The postoperative complications such as wound infections and hernias are significantly reduced.
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| Animal models and cadavers have been used to demonstrate the possible applications of NOTES, including abdominal cavity screening, abdominal organs biopsy, appendectomy, cholecystectomy, tubal ligation, gastrojejunostomy, partial hysterectomy, oophorectomy, colorectal resection and trans-esophageal myotomy.
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| *In 1901, Dimitri Ott from Russia performed transvaginal inspection of the peritoneal cavity. In the same year, the first experimental laparoscopy reported by Georg Kelling (a German Surgeon), he initially used a cystoscope to insufflate and explore the abdominal cavity of a dog <ref>Litynski GS (1999) Endoscopic surgery: the history, the pioneers. World J Surg 23: 745-753</ref>.
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| *In 1940s, the first natural orifice procedure has been mentioned. Culdoscopies were performed using an endoscope passed through the recto-uterine pouch to view pelvic organs <ref>Halim I, Tavakkolizadeh A. NOTES: The next surgical revolution? Int J Surg 2008; 6: 273-276</ref>.
| | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) experimental evolution|Experimental Evolution]]== |
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| *[[Laparoscopic surgery]] innovation was introduced in the late 1980s, and the minimally invasive surgery started spreading worldwide in 1987, when the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy reported by Dr. Philippe Mouret Spaner (a French gynecologist) <ref>Mouret P (1991) From the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy to the frontiers of laparoscopic surgery: the future perspectives. Dig Surg 8: 1124-1125</ref><ref>SJ, Warnock GL. A brief history of endoscopy, laparoscopy, and laparoscopic surgery. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 1997; 7: 369-373 </ref>.
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| *In 1990, a multicenter team of investigators (the Apollo Group) used the term flexible transluminal endoscopy before the NOTES concept was coined <ref name="pmid17640587">{{cite journal |author=Pasricha PJ |title=NOTES: a gastroenterologist's perspective |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=611–6, viii–ix |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17640587 |doi=10.1016/j.giec.2007.05.002 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1052-5157(07)00037-2 |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref>.
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| *In 2002, Gettman et al published a transvaginal nephrectomy in a porcine model <ref>Gettman MT, Lotan Y, Napper CA, Cadeddu JA. Transvaginal laparoscopic nephrectomy: development and feasibility in the porcine model. Urology 2002; 59: 446-450</ref>.
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| *The first reported human transgastric endoscopic appendectomy was in India in 2003 by Dr. G.V. Rao and Dr. N. Reddy <ref>Rao GV, Reddy DN. Transgastric appendectomy in humans. Montreal: World Congress of Gastroenterology, 2006</ref>.
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| *NOTES was originally described in animals by researchers at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Anthony Kalloo published the first report of a true transluminal procedure in 2004 , which was a transgastric peritoneoscopy in a porcine model <ref>Kalloo AN, Singh VK, Jagannath SB, Niiyama H, Hill SL, Vaughn CA, Magee CA, Kantsevoy SV. Flexible transgastric peritoneoscopy: a novel approach to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the peritoneal cavity. Gastrointest
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| Endosc 2004; 60: 114-117</ref><ref name="pmid15229442">{{cite journal |author=Kalloo AN, Singh VK, Jagannath SB, Niiyama H, Hill SL, Vaughn CA, Magee CA, Kantsevoy SV |title=Flexible transgastric peritoneoscopy: a novel approach to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the peritoneal cavity |journal=[[Gastrointest. Endosc.]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=114–7 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15229442 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016510704013094 |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref>.
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| *Senior leadership from the [[American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy]] (ASGE) and the [[Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons]] (SAGES) organized a working group of surgeons and gastroenterologists in 2005 to develop standards for the practice of NOTES. This group is known as the [[Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)]] <ref>[http://www.noscar.org/faq.php Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
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| *The first international conference on NOTES was held in Scottsdale, Arizona March 9-11, 2006. One hundred forty physicians from 11 countries met to develop a detailed roadmap for overcoming the technical barriers of NOTES that had been identified in the original White Paper of NOSCAR.
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| *EURO-NOTES Foundation, established in 2006 in cooperation between European Asociation for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) and the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) to focus on all activities regarding Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES). The first meeting was in June 23, 2006 in Berlin/Germany.
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| *Japan launched the JWNOTES (Japan Working group for NOTES) in 2007.
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| *Radical sigmoidectomy using a pure NOTES transanal approach was first described in 3 human cadavers in 2007 by Whiteford et al who used TEM as an endoscopic platform without the need for any abdominal incisions <ref name="pmid17705068">{{cite journal |author=Whiteford MH, Denk PM, Swanström LL |title=Feasibility of radical sigmoid colectomy performed as natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) using transanal endoscopic microsurgery |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1870–4 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17705068 |doi=10.1007/s00464-007-9552-x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-007-9552-x |accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref>.
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| *In 2007, the first transvaginal NOTES were formally operated by M. Bessler (US team)<ref>Bessler M, Stevens PD, Milone L, Parikh M, Fowler D. Transvaginal laparoscopically assisted endoscopic cholecystectomy: a hybrid approach to natural orifice surgery. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66: 1243-1245</ref>, LL. Swan (US team), and J. Marescaux (French team) <ref>Marescaux J, Dallemagne B, Perretta S, Wattiez A, Mutter D, Coumaros D. Surgery without scars: report of transluminal cholecystectomy in a human being. Arch Surg 2007; 142: 823-826; discussion 823-826</ref>.
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| *The first published human NOTES procedure was by Marks et al<ref>Marks JM, Ponsky JL, Pearl JP, McGee MF. PEG "Rescue": a
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| practical NOTES technique. Surg Endosc 2007; 21: 816-819</ref> who performed a transgastric rescue of a prematurely dislodge gastrostomy tube in 2007.
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| *In early March 2007, the NOTES Research Group in Rio de Janeiro/Brazil, led by Dr. Ricardo Zorron, performed the first series of transvaginal NOTES cholecystectomy in four patients, based in previous experimental studies. The first human transvaginal endoscopic cholecystectomy case was reported in 2007 <ref name="pmid17875836">{{cite journal |author=Marescaux J, Dallemagne B, Perretta S, Wattiez A, Mutter D, Coumaros D |title=Surgery without scars: report of transluminal cholecystectomy in a human being |journal=Arch Surg |volume=142 |issue=9 |pages=823–6; discussion 826–7 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17875836 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.142.9.823 |url=http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17875836 |accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref><ref name="pmid17892873">{{cite journal |author=Bessler M, Stevens PD, Milone L, Parikh M, Fowler D |title=Transvaginal laparoscopically assisted endoscopic cholecystectomy: a hybrid approach to natural orifice surgery |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1243–5 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=17892873 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2007.08.017 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(07)02553-9 |accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref>.
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| *In late March, 2008, Dr. Santiago Horgan became the first US surgeon to perform transgastric appendectomy and remove a patient's appendix through the mouth. He also applied the EndoSurgical Operating System (EOS) on pigs to perform the entire operation through the stomach without laparoscopic assistance or any abdominal incision <ref>Surg Endosc. 2009 July; 23(7): 1512–1518.Published online 2009 April 3. PubMed Central. doi: 10.1007/s00464-009-0428-0</ref>.
| | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) advantages|Advantages Over Current Surgical Techniques]]== |
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| *In late 2008 surgeons from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine removed a healthy kidney from a woman donor using NOTES. The surgery was called transvaginal donor kidney extraction <ref name="InfoNIAC.com">{{cite news | title=Surgeons Remove Healthy Kidney Through Vagina | url=http://www.infoniac.com/health-fitness/remove-healthy-kidney-through-vagina.html | accessdate=2009-02-03 | publisher=InfoNIAC.com}}</ref>.
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| * The first clinical case of a NOTES transanal resection for rectal cancer using TEM and laparoscopic assistance was performed at the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona by a team of surgeons from the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston in November 2009 (Dr. Antonio Lacy and Dr. Patricia Sylla) <ref name="pmid20186432">{{cite journal |author=Sylla P, Rattner DW, Delgado S, Lacy AM |title=NOTES transanal rectal cancer resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery and laparoscopic assistance |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=1205–10 |year=2010 |month=May |pmid=20186432 |doi=10.1007/s00464-010-0965-6 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-010-0965-6 |accessdate=2012-02-15}}</ref>.
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) advantages|Advantages over Current Surgical Techniques]]== | |
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) experimental evolution|Experimental Evolution]]==
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) laboratory/clinical reports|What has been achieved so far?]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) laboratory/clinical reports|What has been achieved so far?]]== |
| *Laboratory Reports
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| *Human Cases
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) challenges and drawbacks|Current Challenges and Drawbacks to Clinical Application of NOTES]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) challenges and drawbacks|Current Challenges and Drawbacks to Clinical Application of NOTES]]== |
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) potential applications|Potential Applications]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) potential applications|Potential Applications]]== |
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| *Transvaginal NOTES
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| *Transrectal NOTES
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| *Transgastric NOTES
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| *Transesophageal NOTES
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| *Transurethral/Transcystic NOTES
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) future directions|Future Directions]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) future directions|Future Directions]]== |
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| ==[[Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)|Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)]]== | | ==[[Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)|Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)]]== |
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| Senior leadership from the [[American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy]] (ASGE) and the [[Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Suregons]] (SAGES) organized a working group of surgeons and gastroenterologists who met in New York City on July 22 and 23, 2005 to develop standards for the practice of this emerging technique. This group is known as the [[Natural Orifice Surgery Consortion for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)]]. A White Paper on NOTES was released by NOSCAR simultaneously in two medical journals in May 2006. This paper identified the major areas of research needed to be addressed before NOTES can become a viable clinical application for human patient. These areas included development of a reliable closure technique for the internal incision, prevention of infection, and creation of advanced endoscopic surgical tools <ref>[http://www.noscar.org/faq.php Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research (NOSCAR)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
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| The White Paper on NOTES and the guidlines for participation in NOSCAR can be found in the external links below <ref>
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| D. Rattner, A. Kalloo, and the SAGES/ASGE Working Group on Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery</ref>.
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) conclusions|Conclusions]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) conclusions|Conclusions]]== |
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) published trials|Published Trials]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) published trials|Published Trials]]== |
| *A novel endoscopic peroral transgastric approach to the peritoneal cavity was tested in a porcine model in acute and long-term survival experiments at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 2004 by Kalloo et al <ref name="pmid15229442">{{cite journal |author=Kalloo AN, Singh VK, Jagannath SB, Niiyama H, Hill SL, Vaughn CA, Magee CA, Kantsevoy SV |title=Flexible transgastric peritoneoscopy: a novel approach to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the peritoneal cavity |journal=[[Gastrointest. Endosc.]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=114–7 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15229442 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016510704013094 |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref>. He demonstrated the feasibility and safety of this approach to be an alternative to laparoscopy and laparotomy. The peritoneal cavity was examined, and a liver biopsy specimen was obtained. The gastric wall incision was closed with clips <ref name="pmid15229442">{{cite journal |author=Kalloo AN, Singh VK, Jagannath SB, Niiyama H, Hill SL, Vaughn CA, Magee CA, Kantsevoy SV |title=Flexible transgastric peritoneoscopy: a novel approach to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the peritoneal cavity |journal=[[Gastrointest. Endosc.]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=114–7 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15229442 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016510704013094 |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref>.
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) videos|Videos]]== | | ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) videos|Videos]]== |
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| ==[[Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) external links|External Links]]== | | ==External Links== |
| *http://www.noscar.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/NOTES_White_Paper_Feb06.pdf | | *http://www.noscar.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/NOTES_White_Paper_Feb06.pdf |
| | *http://www.noscar.org/ |
| | *http://www.dgav.de/english/notes.html |
| | *http://www.euronotes.world.it/ |
| | *http://www.japan-medical-tourism.com/content/natural-orifice-translumenal-endoscopic-surgery-notes-japan |
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| ==References== | | ==Acknowledgments== |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| | Person who first created this page was '''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]] [mailto:moh_sbeih@hotmail.com] |
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| [[Category:Surgery]] | | [[Category:Surgery]] |
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| [[Category:For review]] | | [[Category:For review]] |
| [[Category:General surgery]] | | [[Category:General surgery]] |
| | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |