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[[Category:Cardiology]]
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[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]


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Revision as of 16:22, 10 January 2013

Myocarditis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Myocardial inflammation can be suspected on the basis of elevated C-reactive protein, ESR and antibodies against viruses known to affect the myocardium. Markers of myocardial damage such as troponin or creatine kinase are elevated, particularly early on in the course of the disease[1]. Other auto antibodies such as ANA and rheumatoid factor may also be detected.

Markers of Myonecrosis

The following markers of myonecrosis are often elevated in myocarditis, particularly early on in the course of the disease:

AST is considered to be the most sensitive marker of myocarditis[5] with the sensitivity of 85%. However, the specificities of AST and ALT are low in patients with myocarditis as they may be elevated secondary to other coexisting systemic or organ dysfunction[6].

Inflammatory Markers

The following inflammatory markers are often elevated:

Other Biomarkers

  • Serological markers such as Fas, Fas ligand, interleukin-10 or antimyosin autoantibodies are of prognostic value in myocarditis.
    • Fas and Fas ligand are markers of cell death (apoptosis) and are associated with cardiac dysfunction. A study evaluating the role of gene expression for predicting myocardial recovery in recent-onset cardiomyopathy, reported that patients in the highest tertile of Fas expression had minimal improvement at six months when compared with the intermediate and lowest tertiles[7].
    • Antimyosin autoantibodies are associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and diastolic stiffness in patients with chronic myocarditis[8].
    • High levels of interleukin-10 in fulminant myocarditis patients at admission may be predictive of subsequent development of cardiogenic shock (requiring mechanical cardiopulmonary support system) and mortality[9].
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used in the detection of and identification of viral infections from myocardial biopsy, pericardial fluid or other body fluids. Persistence of a viral genome is indicative of a poor prognosis[10].

References

  1. Feldman AM, McNamara D (2000). "Myocarditis". N Engl J Med. 343 (19): 1388–98. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011093431908. PMID 11070105.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Smith SC, Ladenson JH, Mason JW, Jaffe AS (1997). "Elevations of cardiac troponin I associated with myocarditis. Experimental and clinical correlates". Circulation. 95 (1): 163–8. PMID 8994432.
  3. Lauer B, Niederau C, Kühl U, Schannwell M, Pauschinger M, Strauer BE; et al. (1997). "Cardiac troponin T in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis". J Am Coll Cardiol. 30 (5): 1354–9. PMID 9350939.
  4. Soongswang J, Durongpisitkul K, Ratanarapee S, Leowattana W, Nana A, Laohaprasitiporn D; et al. (2002). "Cardiac troponin T: its role in the diagnosis of clinically suspected acute myocarditis and chronic dilated cardiomyopathy in children". Pediatr Cardiol. 23 (5): 531–5. PMID 12211203.
  5. Freedman SB, Haladyn JK, Floh A, Kirsh JA, Taylor G, Thull-Freedman J (2007). "Pediatric myocarditis: emergency department clinical findings and diagnostic evaluation". Pediatrics. 120 (6): 1278–85. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1073. PMID 18055677.
  6. Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Guidi GC (2008). "Cardiac troponins in pediatric myocarditis". Pediatrics. 121 (4): 864, author reply 864-5. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0031. PMID 18381554.
  7. Sheppard R, Bedi M, Kubota T, Semigran MJ, Dec W, Holubkov R; et al. (2005). "Myocardial expression of fas and recovery of left ventricular function in patients with recent-onset cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol. 46 (6): 1036–42. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.067. PMID 16168288.
  8. Lauer B, Schannwell M, Kühl U, Strauer BE, Schultheiss HP (2000). "Antimyosin autoantibodies are associated with deterioration of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function in patients with chronic myocarditis". J Am Coll Cardiol. 35 (1): 11–8. PMID 10636253.
  9. Nishii M, Inomata T, Takehana H, Takeuchi I, Nakano H, Koitabashi T; et al. (2004). "Serum levels of interleukin-10 on admission as a prognostic predictor of human fulminant myocarditis". J Am Coll Cardiol. 44 (6): 1292–7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.01.055. PMID 15364334.
  10. Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, Lassner D, Noutsias M, Poller W; et al. (2005). "Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction". Circulation. 112 (13): 1965–70. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156. PMID 16172268.

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