Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9: Difference between revisions

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m (→‎Nomenclature: General fixes and Typo fixing, replaced: an tradition → a tradition using AWB)
 
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{{Protbox
{{Infobox_gene}}
  |Name= SMAD, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9
  |Photo=
  |Caption=
  |Gene = [[HUGO]] code:[http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/data/get_data.php?hgnc_id=HGNC:6774 SMAD9]
  |Structure =
  |Review =
 
  |Type=R-SMAD
  |Functions= [[signal transduction]], [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]]
  |Domains= [[MH1]], [[MH2]]
  |Diseases=
  |Taxa = [[homo sapiens]]; homologs: many [[metazoan]] [[phylum (biology)|phyla]]
  | Cells = many; [[heart]], [[brain]], [[placenta]], [[lung]], [[skeletal muscle]], [[prostate]], [[testis]], [[ovary]] and [[small intestine]]
  | Location = Primary:[[cell nucleus|nucleus]], Alternative:[[cytoplasm]]
  |Mods= [[phosphorylation]]
  |Names='''SMAD 9, Mothers against DPP homolog 9, Smad9, Madh6'''
  |Interactions=
  |Pages=
}}
{|
{{protein
| HGNCid = 6774
| Symbol = SMAD9
| AltSymbols = MADH2, MADR2
| EntrezGene = 4093
| OMIM = 603295
| RefSeq = NM_005905
| UniProt = O15198
| PDB =
| ECnumber =
| Chromosome = 13
| Arm = q
| Band = 12
| LocusSupplementaryData = -q14
}}
|}
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}


==Overview==
'''Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9''' also known as '''SMAD9''', '''SMAD8''', and '''MADH6''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is enocoded by the ''SMAD9'' gene.<ref name="pmid9205116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Watanabe TK, Suzuki M, Omori Y, Hishigaki H, Horie M, Kanemoto N, Fujiwara T, Nakamura Y, Takahashi E | title = Cloning and characterization of a novel member of the human Mad gene family (MADH6) | journal = Genomics | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 446–51 |date=June 1997 | pmid = 9205116 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1997.4753 | url = | issn = }}</ref>
 
'''Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9''' also known as '''SMAD9''', '''SMAD8''', and '''MADH6''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is enocoded by the ''SMAD9'' gene.<ref name="pmid9205116">{{cite journal | author = Watanabe TK, Suzuki M, Omori Y, Hishigaki H, Horie M, Kanemoto N, Fujiwara T, Nakamura Y, Takahashi E | title = Cloning and characterization of a novel member of the human Mad gene family (MADH6) | journal = Genomics | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 446–51 |date=June 1997 | pmid = 9205116 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1997.4753 | url = | issn = }}</ref>


SMAD9, as its name describes, is a homolog of the [[Drosophila melanogaster|Drosophila]] gene: "[[Mothers against decapentaplegic]]". It belongs to the [[SMAD (protein)|SMAD]] family of proteins, which belong to the  [[transforming growth factor beta|TGFβ]] superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD9 is involved in [[cell signalling]]. When a [[bone morphogenetic protein]] binds to a receptor ([[BMPR1A|BMP type 1 receptor kinase]]) it causes SMAD9 to interact with [[SMAD anchor for receptor activation]] (SARA).The binding of ligands causes the [[phosphorylation]] of the SMAD9 protein and the dissociation from SARA and the association with [[SMAD4]]. It is subsequently transferred to the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] where it forms complexes with other proteins and acts as a [[transcription factor]]. SMAD9 is a [[R-SMAD|receptor regulated SMAD]] ([[R-SMAD]]) and is activated by bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor kinase. There are two [[isoforms]] of the protein.  Confusingly, it is also sometimes referred to as SMAD8 in the literature.
SMAD9, as its name describes, is a homolog of the [[Drosophila melanogaster|Drosophila]] gene: "[[Mothers against decapentaplegic]]". It belongs to the [[SMAD (protein)|SMAD]] family of proteins, which belong to the  [[transforming growth factor beta|TGFβ]] superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD9 is involved in [[cell signalling]]. When a [[bone morphogenetic protein]] binds to a receptor ([[BMPR1A|BMP type 1 receptor kinase]]) it causes SMAD9 to interact with [[SMAD anchor for receptor activation]] (SARA).The binding of ligands causes the [[phosphorylation]] of the SMAD9 protein and the dissociation from SARA and the association with [[SMAD4]]. It is subsequently transferred to the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] where it forms complexes with other proteins and acts as a [[transcription factor]]. SMAD9 is a [[R-SMAD|receptor regulated SMAD]] ([[R-SMAD]]) and is activated by bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor kinase. There are two [[isoforms]] of the protein.  Confusingly, it is also sometimes referred to as SMAD8 in the literature.


==Nomenclature==
== Nomenclature ==
 
The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]]'' protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During ''Drosophila'' research, it was found that a mutation in the gene, ''MAD'', in the mother, repressed the gene, ''[[decapentaplegic]]'', in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues e.g. [[Mothers Against Drunk Driving]] or (MADD).


==References==
The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans|C. elegans]]'' protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During ''Drosophila'' research, it was found that a mutation in the gene, ''MAD'', in the mother, repressed the gene, ''[[decapentaplegic]]'', in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues e.g. [[Mothers Against Drunk Driving]] or (MADD); and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.<ref>[https://psmag.com/sonic-hedgehog-dicer-and-the-problem-with-naming-genes-113c58df8f7a#.os08udsyk "Sonic Hedgehog, DICER, and the Problem With Naming Genes"], Sep 26, 2014, Michael White. psmag.com</ref>


{{reflist|2}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}


{{TGF beta signaling}}
{{TGF beta signaling}}
{{Transcription factors|g1}}
{{TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators}}


[[Category:Proteins]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 9}}
[[Category:Developmental biology]]
[[Category:Developmental genes and proteins]]
[[Category:MH1 domain]]
[[Category:MH1 domain]]
[[Category:MH2 domain]]
[[Category:MH2 domain]]
[[Category:R-SMAD]]
[[Category:R-SMAD]]
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
[[Category:Human proteins]]
{{cell-biology-stub}}

Latest revision as of 22:33, 19 June 2016

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 also known as SMAD9, SMAD8, and MADH6 is a protein that in humans is enocoded by the SMAD9 gene.[1]

SMAD9, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD9 is involved in cell signalling. When a bone morphogenetic protein binds to a receptor (BMP type 1 receptor kinase) it causes SMAD9 to interact with SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA).The binding of ligands causes the phosphorylation of the SMAD9 protein and the dissociation from SARA and the association with SMAD4. It is subsequently transferred to the nucleus where it forms complexes with other proteins and acts as a transcription factor. SMAD9 is a receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) and is activated by bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor kinase. There are two isoforms of the protein. Confusingly, it is also sometimes referred to as SMAD8 in the literature.

Nomenclature

The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the C. elegans protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene, MAD, in the mother, repressed the gene, decapentaplegic, in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues e.g. Mothers Against Drunk Driving or (MADD); and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Watanabe TK, Suzuki M, Omori Y, Hishigaki H, Horie M, Kanemoto N, Fujiwara T, Nakamura Y, Takahashi E (June 1997). "Cloning and characterization of a novel member of the human Mad gene family (MADH6)". Genomics. 42 (3): 446–51. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4753. PMID 9205116.
  2. ↑ "Sonic Hedgehog, DICER, and the Problem With Naming Genes", Sep 26, 2014, Michael White. psmag.com


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