Mastoiditis primary prevention: Difference between revisions
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{{Mastoiditis}} | {{Mastoiditis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}: {{MJ}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Preventing mastoiditis primarily involves preventing development of otitis media and [[nasopharyngitis]]. This is achieved by the | Preventing mastoiditis primarily involves preventing development of [[otitis media]] and [[nasopharyngitis]]. This is achieved by administration of the [[pneumococcal]] and [[influenza]] [[vaccines]], frequent washing of hands, and avoiding fluid transmission and respiratory droplets from [[nasopharyngitis]] patients. Preventing exposure to air pollution and potential [[middle ear]] irritants, such as secondhand smoke, helps prevent [[otitis media]]. For infants, preventive measures include avoiding pacifiers, avoiding daycare enrollment, and [[breastfeeding]] until at least 6 months of age. A [[prophylactic]] regimen of [[antibiotics]] can prevent [[otitis media]] in at-risk infants and children. | ||
==Primary Prevention== | ==Primary Prevention== | ||
Preventive measures for mastoiditis involve | Preventive measures for mastoiditis such as the following involve preventing the development of [[otitis media]] and [[nasopharyngitis]] from infectious pathogens: | ||
* | * Administer the following vaccinations:<ref name="pmid23439909">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, Ganiats TG, Hoberman A, Jackson MA, Joffe MD, Miller DT, Rosenfeld RM, Sevilla XD, Schwartz RH, Thomas PA, Tunkel DE |title=The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media |journal=Pediatrics |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=e964–99 |year=2013 |pmid=23439909 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-3488 |url=}}</ref> | ||
** [[Pneumococcal]] | ** [[Pneumococcal]] | ||
** [[Influenza]] | ** [[Influenza]] | ||
* | * Wash hands frequently | ||
* | * Avoid [[coughing]] and [[respiratory]] droplets from patients with [[respiratory illness]] and [[nasopharyngitis]]. | ||
* | * Avoid first or secondhand smoke or other air pollutants with potential for [[middle ear]] irritation.<ref name="urlEar infection - acute: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000638.htm |title=Ear infection - acute: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* | * Avoid use of pacifiers in infants. | ||
* | * Avoid enrollment in daycare centers. | ||
* [[Breastfeeding]] infants until at least 6 months of age | * [[Breastfeeding|Breastfeed]] infants until at least 6 months of age<ref name="pmid19581824">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sabirov A, Casey JR, Murphy TF, Pichichero ME |title=Breast-feeding is associated with a reduced frequency of acute otitis media and high serum antibody levels against NTHi and outer membrane protein vaccine antigen candidate P6 |journal=Pediatr. Res. |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=565–70 |year=2009 |pmid=19581824 |pmc=2783794 |doi=10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181b4f8a6 |url=}}</ref> | ||
** This is correlated with higher levels of [[antibodies]] to acute otitis media | ** This is correlated with higher levels of [[antibodies]] to acute [[otitis media]] causative agent nontypeable [[Haemophilus influenzae|''Haemophilus influenzae'']], as well as pathogenic outer membrane [[protein]] P6 | ||
Administering a [[prophylactic]] antibiotic regimen for children at risk | Administering a [[prophylactic]] antibiotic regimen for children at risk of developing recurrent [[otitis media]] (such as immunosuppressed children or the genetically susceptible): | ||
* Preferred regimen (1): [[Amoxicillin]] 20 mg/kg po once daily.<ref name="pmid17054203">{{cite journal| author=Leach AJ, Morris PS| title=Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2006 | volume= | issue= 4 | pages= CD004401 | pmid=17054203 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004401.pub2 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17054203 }} </ref> | * Preferred regimen (1): [[Amoxicillin]] 20 mg/kg po once daily.<ref name="pmid17054203">{{cite journal| author=Leach AJ, Morris PS| title=Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2006 | volume= | issue= 4 | pages= CD004401 | pmid=17054203 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004401.pub2 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17054203 }} </ref> | ||
* Preferred regimen (2): [[Sulfisoxazole]] 50 mg/kg po at bedtime.<ref name="pmid17054203">{{cite journal| author=Leach AJ, Morris PS| title=Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2006 | volume= | issue= 4 | pages= CD004401 | pmid=17054203 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004401.pub2 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17054203 }} </ref> | * Preferred regimen (2): [[Sulfisoxazole]] 50 mg/kg po at bedtime.<ref name="pmid17054203">{{cite journal| author=Leach AJ, Morris PS| title=Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2006 | volume= | issue= 4 | pages= CD004401 | pmid=17054203 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004401.pub2 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17054203 }} </ref> | ||
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{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Otolaryngology]] | |||
[[Category:Surgery]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:39, 29 July 2020
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Mastoiditis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: : Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]
Overview
Preventing mastoiditis primarily involves preventing development of otitis media and nasopharyngitis. This is achieved by administration of the pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, frequent washing of hands, and avoiding fluid transmission and respiratory droplets from nasopharyngitis patients. Preventing exposure to air pollution and potential middle ear irritants, such as secondhand smoke, helps prevent otitis media. For infants, preventive measures include avoiding pacifiers, avoiding daycare enrollment, and breastfeeding until at least 6 months of age. A prophylactic regimen of antibiotics can prevent otitis media in at-risk infants and children.
Primary Prevention
Preventive measures for mastoiditis such as the following involve preventing the development of otitis media and nasopharyngitis from infectious pathogens:
- Administer the following vaccinations:[1]
- Wash hands frequently
- Avoid coughing and respiratory droplets from patients with respiratory illness and nasopharyngitis.
- Avoid first or secondhand smoke or other air pollutants with potential for middle ear irritation.[2]
- Avoid use of pacifiers in infants.
- Avoid enrollment in daycare centers.
- Breastfeed infants until at least 6 months of age[3]
- This is correlated with higher levels of antibodies to acute otitis media causative agent nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, as well as pathogenic outer membrane protein P6
Administering a prophylactic antibiotic regimen for children at risk of developing recurrent otitis media (such as immunosuppressed children or the genetically susceptible):
- Preferred regimen (1): Amoxicillin 20 mg/kg po once daily.[4]
- Preferred regimen (2): Sulfisoxazole 50 mg/kg po at bedtime.[4]
- Alternative Regimen (1): TMP-SMX 4 mg-20 mg/kg once daily.[4]
References
- ↑ Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, Ganiats TG, Hoberman A, Jackson MA, Joffe MD, Miller DT, Rosenfeld RM, Sevilla XD, Schwartz RH, Thomas PA, Tunkel DE (2013). "The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media". Pediatrics. 131 (3): e964–99. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3488. PMID 23439909.
- ↑ "Ear infection - acute: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
- ↑ Sabirov A, Casey JR, Murphy TF, Pichichero ME (2009). "Breast-feeding is associated with a reduced frequency of acute otitis media and high serum antibody levels against NTHi and outer membrane protein vaccine antigen candidate P6". Pediatr. Res. 66 (5): 565–70. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181b4f8a6. PMC 2783794. PMID 19581824.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Leach AJ, Morris PS (2006). "Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD004401. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004401.pub2. PMID 17054203.