There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
}}
{{SI}}
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition1=====
* Dosing Information
:* Dosage
=====Condition2=====
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
<!--Contraindications-->
|contraindications=* Condition1
<!--Warnings-->
|warnings=* Description
====Precautions====
* Description
<!--Adverse Reactions-->
<!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
|clinicalTrials=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Trial Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
=====Body as a Whole=====
=====Cardiovascular=====
=====Digestive=====
=====Endocrine=====
=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
=====Musculoskeletal=====
=====Neurologic=====
=====Respiratory=====
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
=====Special Senses=====
=====Urogenital=====
=====Miscellaneous=====
<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
|postmarketing=There is limited information regarding <i>Postmarketing Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
=====Body as a Whole=====
=====Cardiovascular=====
=====Digestive=====
=====Endocrine=====
=====Hematologic and Lymphatic=====
=====Metabolic and Nutritional=====
=====Musculoskeletal=====
=====Neurologic=====
=====Respiratory=====
=====Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions=====
=====Special Senses=====
=====Urogenital=====
=====Miscellaneous=====
<!--Drug Interactions-->
|drugInteractions=* Drug
:* Description
<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
|FDAPregCat=
|useInPregnancyFDA=* '''Pregnancy Category'''
|useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
|useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
|useInNursing=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to nursing mothers.
|useInPed=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to pediatric patients.
|useInGeri=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
|useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
|useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
|useInRenalImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
|useInHepaticImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
|useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
|useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
|administration=* Oral
* Intravenous
|monitoring=There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
* Description
<!--IV Compatibility-->
|IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
<!--Overdosage-->
|overdose====Acute Overdose===
====Signs and Symptoms====
* Description
====Management====
* Description
===Chronic Overdose===
There is limited information regarding <i>Chronic Overdose</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
<!--Pharmacology-->
<!--Drug box 2-->
|drugBox=<!--Mechanism of Action-->
|mechAction=*
<!--Structure-->
|structure=*
: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}01.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
==Overview==
<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
'''Magnesium chloride''' is the name for the [[chemical compound]]s with the [[chemical formula|formula]]s MgCl<sub>2</sub> and its various hydrates MgCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>x</sub>. These salts are typical ionic halides, being highly soluble in water. The hydrated magnesium chloride can be extracted from brine or sea water. [[Anhydrous]] magnesium chloride is the principal precursor to magnesium metal, which is produced on a large scale.
|PD=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
==Structure, preparation, basic properties==
<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
MgCl<sub>2</sub> crystallizes in the [[cadmium chloride]] motif, which features octahedral Mg. A variety of hydrates are known with the formula MgCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>x</sub>, and each loses water with increasing temperature: x = 12 (-16.4 °C), 8 (-3.4 °C), 6 (116.7 °C), 4 (181 °C), 2 (ca. 300 °C).<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref> In the hexahydrate, the Mg<sup>2+</sup> remains [[Octahedral molecular geometry|octahedral]], but is coordinated to six water [[ligand]]s.<ref>Wells, A. F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.</ref>
|PK=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacokinetics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
As suggested by the existence of several hydrates, anhydrous MgCl<sub>2</sub> is a [[Lewis acid]], although a relatively weak one.
<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
|nonClinToxic=There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
In the [[Dow process]], magnesium chloride is regenerated from magnesium hydroxide using [[hydrochloric acid]]:
|clinicalStudies=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
It can also be prepared from [[magnesium carbonate]] by a similar reaction.
In most of its derivatives, MgCl<sub>2</sub> forms octahedral complexes. Derivatives with tetrahedral Mg<sup>2+</sup> are less common. Examples include salts of ([[tetraethylammonium]])<sub>2</sub>MgCl<sub>4</sub> and adducts such as MgCl<sub>2</sub>([[TMEDA]]).<ref>N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, ''Chemistry of the Elements'', Pergamon Press, 1984.</ref>
<!--How Supplied-->
|howSupplied=*
|storage=
|packLabel=
<!--Patient Counseling Information-->
|fdaPatientInfo=There is limited information regarding <i>Patient Counseling Information</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
==Applications==
<!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
Magnesium chloride serves as precursor to other magnesium compounds, for example by precipitation:
|alcohol=* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
It can be [[electrolysis|electrolysed]] to give [[magnesium]] metal:<ref name="Hill">Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry, "General Chemistry", 4th ed., Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.</ref>
|brandNames=* ®<ref>{{Cite web | title = | url = }}</ref>
This process is practiced on a substantial scale: In 1990, US production was around one million tonnes, with a bulk price around $180 per tonne.
The thermal dehydration of the hydrates MgCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>x</sub> (x = 6, 12) does not occur straightforwardly.<ref>see notes in Rieke, R. D.; Bales, S. E.; Hudnall, P. M.; Burns, T. P.; Poindexter, G S. “Highly Reactive Magnesium for the Preparation of Grignard Reagents: 1-Norbornane Acid” Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 6, p.845 (1988). http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV6P0845.pdf</ref>
<!--Look-Alike Drug Names-->
|lookAlike=* A® — B®<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher = | date = }}</ref>
Magnesium chloride is used for a variety of other applications besides the production of [[magnesium]]: the manufacture of textiles, paper, fireproofing agents, cements and refrigeration brine,<ref name="Hill" /> and dust and erosion control. Mixed with hydrated magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride forms a hard material called [[Sorel cement]]. Magnesium chloride is also used as a reaction component in Polymerase Chain Reaction, a procedure used to amplify DNA fragments.
<!--Drug Shortage Status-->
|drugShortage=
}}
{{PillImage
|fileName=No image.jpg
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}11.png
}}
<!--Pill Image-->
===Culinary use===
Magnesium chloride is an important coagulant used in the preparation of [[tofu]] from [[soy milk]]. In Japan it is sold as ''nigari'' (the term is derived from the Japanese word for "bitter"), a white powder produced from seawater after the [[sodium chloride]] has been removed, and the water evaporated. Nigari consists mostly of magnesium chloride, with some [[magnesium sulfate]] and other trace elements. It is also an ingredient in baby formula milk.
===Use as an anti-icer===
A number of state highway departments throughout the United States have decreased the use of rock salt and sand on roadways and have increased the use of liquid magnesium chloride as a de-icer or anti-icer. Magnesium chloride is much less toxic to plant life surrounding highways and airports, and is less corrosive to concrete and steel (and other iron alloys) than sodium chloride. The liquid magnesium chloride is sprayed on dry pavement (tarmac) prior to precipitation or wet pavement prior to freezing temperatures in the winter months to prevent snow and ice from adhering and bonding to the roadway. The application of anti-icers is utilized in an effort to improve highway safety. Magnesium chloride is also sold in crystal form for household and business use to de-ice sidewalks and driveways. In these applications, the compound is applied after precipitation has fallen or ice has formed, instead of previously.
The use of this compound seems to show an improvement in driving conditions during and after freezing precipitation yet it seems to be negatively affecting electric utilities. Two main issues have been raised regarding the anti-icer magnesium chloride as it relates to electric utilities: contamination of insulators causing tracking and arcing across them, and corrosion of steel and [[aluminium]] poles and pole hardware.
<!--Label Display Image-->
===Use in dust and erosion control===
Road departments and private industry may apply liquid or powdered magnesium chloride to control dust and erosion on unimproved (dirt or gravel) roads and dusty job sites such as quarries. Its [[hygroscopy]] makes it absorb moisture from the air, controlling the number of small particles which become airborne. Similarly, owners of indoor arenas (e.g. for horse riding) may apply magnesium chloride to sand or other floor materials to control dust.
===Use in hydrogen storage===
Magnesium chloride has shown promise as a storage material for [[hydrogen]]. [[Ammonia]], which is rich in hydrogen atoms, is used as an intermediate storage material. Ammonia can be effectively absorbed onto solid magnesium chloride, forming Mg(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>. Ammonia is released by mild heat, and is then passed through a catalyst to give hydrogen gas.
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
* ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
== External links ==
* [http://www.usda.gov/rus/electric/engineering/2001/magnesium_chloride.htm Magnesium Chloride as a De-Icing Agent]
WikiDoc MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF VALIDITY. WikiDoc is not a professional health care provider, nor is it a suitable replacement for a licensed healthcare provider. WikiDoc is intended to be an educational tool, not a tool for any form of healthcare delivery. The educational content on WikiDoc drug pages is based upon the FDA package insert, National Library of Medicine content and practice guidelines / consensus statements. WikiDoc does not promote the administration of any medication or device that is not consistent with its labeling. Please read our full disclaimer here.
Black Box Warning
ConditionName:
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
ConditionName:
Content
Overview
Magnesium chloride is a that is FDA approved for the of . There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include .
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Condition1
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition3
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition4
Dosing Information
Dosage
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Developed by:
Class of Recommendation:
Strength of Evidence:
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Magnesium chloride in adult patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Magnesium chloride in adult patients.
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
Condition1
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Magnesium chloride in pediatric patients.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Developed by:
Class of Recommendation:
Strength of Evidence:
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Magnesium chloride in pediatric patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
Condition1
Dosing Information
Dosage
Condition2
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Magnesium chloride in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
Condition1
Warnings
ConditionName:
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
ConditionName:
Content
Description
Precautions
Description
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
There is limited information regarding Clinical Trial Experience of Magnesium chloride in the drug label.
Body as a Whole
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Endocrine
Hematologic and Lymphatic
Metabolic and Nutritional
Musculoskeletal
Neurologic
Respiratory
Skin and Hypersensitivy Reactions
Special Senses
Urogenital
Miscellaneous
Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of Magnesium chloride in the drug label.
