Lung cancer epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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[[Tobacco smoking|Smoking]], particularly of [[cigarette]]s, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).<ref name="Samet2">{{cite journal | last =Samet | first =JM | coauthors =Wiggins CL, Humble CG, Pathak DR | title =Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico | journal =American Review of Respiratory Disease | volume =137 | issue =5 | pages =1110–1113 | date =May 1988 | pmid =3264122 }}</ref> Among male smokers, the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 17.2%. Among female smokers, the risk is 11.6%. This risk is significantly lower in non-smokers: 1.3% in men and 1.4% in women.<ref name="Villeneuve">{{cite journal | last =Villeneuve | first =PJ | coauthors =Mao Y | title =Lifetime probability of developing lung cancer, by smoking status, Canada | journal =Canadian Journal of Public Health | volume =85 | issue =6 | pages =385–388 | publisher = | date =Nov 1994 | pmid =7895211 }}</ref> | [[Tobacco smoking|Smoking]], particularly of [[cigarette]]s, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).<ref name="Samet2">{{cite journal | last =Samet | first =JM | coauthors =Wiggins CL, Humble CG, Pathak DR | title =Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico | journal =American Review of Respiratory Disease | volume =137 | issue =5 | pages =1110–1113 | date =May 1988 | pmid =3264122 }}</ref> Among male smokers, the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 17.2%. Among female smokers, the risk is 11.6%. This risk is significantly lower in non-smokers: 1.3% in men and 1.4% in women.<ref name="Villeneuve">{{cite journal | last =Villeneuve | first =PJ | coauthors =Mao Y | title =Lifetime probability of developing lung cancer, by smoking status, Canada | journal =Canadian Journal of Public Health | volume =85 | issue =6 | pages =385–388 | publisher = | date =Nov 1994 | pmid =7895211 }}</ref> | ||
===Radon Gas=== | ===Radon Gas=== | ||
Radon gas is the cause of approximately 15,000 to 22,000 deaths per year or 12% of the total number of lung cancer deaths per year. Radon gas is the second major cause of lung cancer behind smoking. | |||
Radon gas levels vary by locality and the composition of the underlying soil and rocks. For example, in areas such as Cornwall in the UK (which has granite as substrata), radon gas is a major problem, and buildings have to be force-ventilated with fans to lower radon gas concentrations. The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) estimates that one in 15 homes in the U.S. has radon levels above the recommended guideline of 4 pico[[Curie]]s per liter (pCi/L).<ref name="EPA radon">{{cite web | last =EPA |authorlink =United States Environmental Protection Agency | title =Radiation information: radon | publisher =EPA | date =Oct 2006 |url =http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/radon.htm | accessdate =2007-08-11 }}</ref> Iowa has the highest average radon concentration in the United States; studies performed there have demonstrated a 50% increased lung cancer risk with prolonged radon exposure above the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L.<ref name="Field">{{cite journal | last =Field | first =RW | coauthors = Steck DJ, Smith BJ et al. | title =Residential radon gas exposure and lung cancer: the Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study | journal =American Journal of Epidemiology | volume =151 | issue =11 | pages =1091–1102 | publisher =Oxford Journals | date =Jun 2000 | url =http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/151/11/1091 | pmid =10873134 | accessdate =2007-08-11 }}</ref><ref name="EPA Iowa">{{cite web | last =EPA | authorlink =United States Environmental Protection Agency | title =Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study |publisher =EPA | date =Jun 2000 | url =http://www.epa.gov/radon/iowastudy.html | accessdate =2007-08-11 }}</ref> | |||
===Asbestos=== | ===Asbestos=== | ||
Revision as of 17:52, 28 November 2011
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kim-Son H. Nguyen, M.D., M.P.A., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Worldwide, lung cancer is the most common cancer in terms of both incidence and mortality with 1.35 million new cases per year and 1.18 million deaths, with the highest rates in Europe and North America. The population segment most likely to develop lung cancer is over-fifties who have a history of smoking. Lung cancer is the second most commonly occurring form of cancer in most western countries, and it is the leading cancer-related cause of death. Although the rate of men dying from lung cancer is declining in western countries, it is actually increasing for women due to the increased takeup of smoking by this group. Among lifetime non-smokers, men have higher age-standardized lung cancer death rates than women.
Prevalence by Cause
Smoking
Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).[1] Among male smokers, the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 17.2%. Among female smokers, the risk is 11.6%. This risk is significantly lower in non-smokers: 1.3% in men and 1.4% in women.[2]
Radon Gas
Radon gas is the cause of approximately 15,000 to 22,000 deaths per year or 12% of the total number of lung cancer deaths per year. Radon gas is the second major cause of lung cancer behind smoking.
Radon gas levels vary by locality and the composition of the underlying soil and rocks. For example, in areas such as Cornwall in the UK (which has granite as substrata), radon gas is a major problem, and buildings have to be force-ventilated with fans to lower radon gas concentrations. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that one in 15 homes in the U.S. has radon levels above the recommended guideline of 4 picoCuries per liter (pCi/L).[3] Iowa has the highest average radon concentration in the United States; studies performed there have demonstrated a 50% increased lung cancer risk with prolonged radon exposure above the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L.[4][5]
Asbestos
Prevalence by Age
Lung cancer is more common in older adults. Smoking can cause eventual death over a significant period of time, which explains why it is rare in people under the age of 45. There is a clear correlation between an increase in the volume of smoking and the total number of lung cancer deaths. Studies have shown that there is approximately a 20 year lag period between smoking and death due to lung cancer (in men).
Prevalence by Geographic distribution
Eastern Europe has the highest lung cancer mortality among men, while northern Europe and the U.S. have the highest mortality among women. Lung cancer incidence is currently less common in developing countries.[6] With increased smoking in developing countries, the incidence is expected to increase in the next few years, notably in China[7] and India.[8]
References
- ↑ Samet, JM (May 1988). "Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico". American Review of Respiratory Disease. 137 (5): 1110–1113. PMID 3264122. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Villeneuve, PJ (Nov 1994). "Lifetime probability of developing lung cancer, by smoking status, Canada". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 85 (6): 385–388. PMID 7895211. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ EPA (Oct 2006). "Radiation information: radon". EPA. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
- ↑ Field, RW (Jun 2000). "Residential radon gas exposure and lung cancer: the Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study". American Journal of Epidemiology. Oxford Journals. 151 (11): 1091–1102. PMID 10873134. Retrieved 2007-08-11. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ EPA (Jun 2000). "Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study". EPA. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
- ↑ "Gender in lung cancer and smoking research" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
- ↑ Liu, BQ (Nov 1998). "Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths". British Medical Journal. 317 (7170): 1411–1422. Retrieved 2007-09-27. Unknown parameter
|pmidbr=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Behera, D (2004). "Lung cancer in India". Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences. 46 (4): 269–281. PMID 15515828. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help)