List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: IV. Myology

mechanics of muscle (Template:GraySubject)

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• unipennate
• bipennate

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• origin
• insertion
• synergic muscles
• fixation muscles
• The Mechanics of Muscle

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• The Direction of the Muscle Pull

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• The Action of the Muscle Pull on the Tendon
• The Strength of Muscles

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• absolute muscle strength
• The Work Accomplished by Muscles
  • physiological cross-section
  • maximum shortening
  • position of the joint

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• The Action of Muscles on Joints

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• Levers

development of the muscles (Template:GraySubject)

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• The Myotomic Muscles
• The Ventrolateral Muscles of the Neck
• Muscles of the Shoulder girdle andArm

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• The Myotomic Muscles
• The Muscles of the Leg
• The Muscles of the Head

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• Striped muscle (Voluntary muscle)
  • perimysium
  • epimysium
  • fasciculi
  • endomysium
• muscular fiber
  • sarcolemma

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• muscle columns
• sarcoplasm
• areas of Cohnheim
• sarcostyles

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• Dobie's line (Kraus's membrane)
• lines of Hensen
• sarcomere
• sarcous element

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• capillaries of striped muscle

tendons, aponeuroses, and fasciae (Template:GraySubject)

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• Tendons
  • organs of Golgi
• Aponeuroses
• fasciae

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• fasciae
  • superficial fascia
    • white fibers
    • yellow elastic fibers
    • matrix
    • cells of areolar tissue
      • lamellar cells
      • Clasmatocytes
      • Granule cells
      • Plasma cells
      • wandering cells
        • pigment cells

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• fasciae
  • deep fascia

the fasciae and muscles of the head

the muscles of the scalp (Template:GraySubject)

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• Epicranius
• Skin of the Scalp
• superficial fascia
• Epicranius (Occipitofrontalis)

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• Occipitalis
• Frontalis

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• galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis)
• Transversus nuchæ

the muscles of the eyelid (Template:GraySubject)

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• Levator palpebræ superioris
• Orbicularis oculi (Orbicularis palpebrarum)
  • medial palpebral ligament
  • palpebral portion
  • orbital portion
  • lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi)

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• Orbicularis oculi (Orbicularis palpebrarum)
  • medial palpebral ligament (tendo oculi)
  • lateral palpebral raphé
• Corrugator (Corrugator supercilii)

the muscles of the nose (Template:GraySubject)

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• Procerus (Pyramidalis nasi)
• Nasalis (Compressor naris)
• Depressor septi (Depressor alœ nasi)
• Dilatator naris posterior
• Dilatator naris anterior

the muscles of the mouth (Template:GraySubject)

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• muscles of the mouth

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• Quadratus labii superioris
  • angular head
  • infraorbital head
  • zygomatic head
• Caninus (Levator anguli oris)
• Zygomaticus (Zygomaticus major)
• Mentalis (Levator menti)
• Quadratus labii inferioris (Depressor labii inferioris; Quadratus menti)
• Triangularis (Depressor anguli oris)
• Transversus menti

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• Buccinator
• suctorial pad
• pterygomandibular raphé (pterygomandibular ligament)
• Orbicularis oris

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• lateral band (m. incisivus labii superioris)
• medial band (m. nasolabialis)
• philtrum
• m. incisivus labii inferioris
• Risorius

the muscles of mastication (Template:GraySubject)

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• Parotideomasseteric fascia (masseteric fascia)
• Masseter

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• Temporal fascia
• Temporalis (Temporal muscle)
• Pterygoideus externus (External pterygoid muscle)

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• Pterygoideus internus (Internal pterygoid muscle)

the fasciae and muscles of the anterolateral region of the neck

the superficial cervical muscle (Template:GraySubject)

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• Platysma

the lateral cervical muscles (Template:GraySubject)

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• Fascia colli (deep cervical fascia)
  • investing portion of the fascia
  • Above
    • parotideomasseteric fascia
    • stylomandibular ligament
    • sphenomandibular ligament
    • pterygospinous ligament

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• Fascia colli (deep cervical fascia)
  • Below
    • suprasternal space (space of Burns)
  • fascia which lines the deep surface of the Sternocleidomastoideus
    • carotid sheath
    • prevertebral fascia

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• Fascia colli (deep cervical fascia)
  • fascia which lines the deep surface of the Sternocleidomastoideus
    • prevertebral fascia
      • buccopharyngeal fascia
      • retropharyngeal space
    • pretrachial fascia
• Sternocleidomastoideus (Sternomastoid muscle)
• Triangles of the neck
  • anterior triangle

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• Triangles of the neck
  • posterior triangle

the supra- and infrahyoid muscles (Template:GraySubject)

suprahyoid muscles

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• Digastricus (Digastric muscle)
  • posterior belly
  • anterior belly

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• Digastricus (Digastric muscle)
  • suprahyoid aponeurosis
  • submaxillary triangle
  • carotid triangle
  • suprahyoid triangle or submental triangle
• Stylohyoideus (Stylohyoid muscle)
• Omohyoideus
• Stylohyoid ligament (ligamentum stylohyoideus)

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• Stylohyoid ligament (ligamentum stylohyoideus)
  • epihyal
• Mylohyoideus (Mylohyoid muscle)
• Geniohyoideus (Geniohyoid muscle)

infrahyoid muscles

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• Sternohyoideus (Sternohyoid muscle)
• Sternothyreoideus (Sternothyroid muscle)

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• Thyreohyoideus (Thyrohyoid muscle)
• Omohyoideus (Omohyoid muscle)
  • occipital triangle
  • subclavian triangle
  • carotid triangle
  • muscular triangle

the anterior vertebral muscles (Template:GraySubject)

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• Longus colli

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• Longus capitis (Rectus capitis anticus major)
• Rectus capitis anterior (Rectus capitis anticus minor)
• Rectus capitis lateralis

the lateral vertebral muscles (Template:GraySubject)

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• Scalenus anterior (Scalenus anticus)
• Scalenus medius
• Scalenus posterior (Scalenus posticus)

the fasciae and muscles of the trunk

the deep muscles of the back (Template:GraySubject)

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• Lumbodorsal fascia (fascia lumbodorsalis; lumbar aponeurosis and vertebral fascia)
  • nuchal fascia
• Splenius capitis
• Splenius cervicis (Splenius colli)
• Sacrospinalis (Erector spinæ)

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• Iliocostalis
  • Iliocostalis lumborum (Iliocostalis muscle; Sacrolumbalis muscle)
  • Iliocostalis dorsi (Musculus accessorius)
  • Iliocostalis cervicis (Cervicalis ascendens)
• Longissimus
  • Longissimus dorsi
  • Longissimus cervicis (Transversalis cervicis)
  • Longissimus capitis (Trachelomastoid muscle)
• Spinalis
  • Spinalis dorsi

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• Spinalis
  • Spinalis cervicis (Spinalis colli)
  • Spinalis capitis (Biventer cervicis)
• Semispinalis
  • Semispinalis dorsi
  • Semispinalis cervicis (Semispinalis colli)
  • Semispinalis capitis (Complexus)
    • Spinalis capitis (Biventer cervicis)
• Multifidus (Multifidus spinæ)
• Rotatores (Rotatores spinæ)
• Interspinales

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• Extensor coccygis
• Intertransversarii (Intertransversales)
  • Intertransversarii anteriores
  • Intertransversarii posteriores
  • Intertransversarii laterales
  • Intertransversarii mediales

the suboccipital muscles (Template:GraySubject)

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• Rectus capitis posterior major (Rectus capitis posticus major)
• Rectus capitis posterior minor (Rectus capitis posticus minor)

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• Obliquus capitis inferior (Obliquus inferior)
• Obliquus capitis superior (Obliquus superior)
• Suboccipital triangle

the muscles of the thorax (Template:GraySubject)

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• Intercostal fasciae

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• Intercostales (Intercostal muscles)
  • Intercostales externi (External intercostals)
    • anterior intercostal membranes
  • Intercostales interni (Internal intercostals)
    • posterior intercostal membranes
• Subcostales (Infracostales)
• Transversus thoracis (Triangularis sterni)
• Levatores costarum
  • Levatores costarum breves

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• Levatores costarum
  • Levatores costarum longi
• Serratus posterior superior (Serratus posticus superior)
• Serratus posterior inferior (Serratus posticus inferior)
• Diaphragm
• Medial lumbocostal arch (arcus lumbocostalis medialis; internal arcuate ligament)

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• Lateral lumbocostal arch (arcus lumbocostalis lateralis; external arcuate ligament)
• Crura
  • right crus
  • left crus

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• Central tendon
• Openings in the Diaphragm
  • aortic hiatus
  • esophageal hiatus
  • vena caval foramen
  • lesser apertures

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• Respiration, mechanism of:

the muscles and fasciae of the abdomen (Template:GraySubject)

the anterolateral muscles

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• Superficial fascia
  • superficial layer (fascia of Camper)
  • deep layer (fascia of Scarpa)

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• Obliquus externus abdominis (External or descending oblique muscle)

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• Obliquus externus abdominis (External or descending oblique muscle)
  • aponeurosis of the Obliquus externus abdominis
  • linea alba
  • inguinal ligament
  • lacunar ligament
  • reflected inguinal ligament
• Subcutaneous inguinal ring (annulus inguinalis subcutaneus; external abdominal ring)
  • crura of the ring
    • inferior crus (external pillar)
    • superior crus (internal pillar)
• Intercrural fibers (fibræ intercrurales; intercolumnar fibers)

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• Intercrural fibers (fibræ intercrurales; intercolumnar fibers)
  • intercrural fascia
  • external spermatic fascia
• Inguinal ligament (ligamentum inguinale; Poupart’s ligament)

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• Lacunar ligament (ligamentum lacunare [Gimbernati]; Gimbernat’s ligament)
• Reflected inguinal ligament (ligamentum inguinale reflexum; triangular fascia)
• Ligament of Cooper
• Obliquus internus abdominis (Internal or ascending oblique muscle)

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• Obliquus internus abdominis (Internal or ascending oblique muscle)
  • inguinal aponeurotic falx

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• Cremaster
  • cremasteric fascia
• Transversus abdominis (Transversalis muscle)
• inguinal aponeurotic falx (falx aponeurotica inguinalis; conjoined tendon of Internal oblique and Transversalis muscle)

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• inguinal aponeurotic falx (falx aponeurotica inguinalis; conjoined tendon of Internal oblique and Transversalis muscle)
  • interfoveolar ligament of Hesselbach
• Rectus abdominis

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• Rectus abdominis
  • tendinous inscriptions
  • linea semicircularis
• Pyramidalis

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• Linea alba
  • adminiculum lineae albae
• Lineae semilunares

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• Transversalis fascia
  • deep crural arch
• abdominal inguinal ring (annulus inguinalis abdominis; internal or deep abdominal ring)
  • infundibuliform fascia
• Inguinal canal (canalis inguinalis; spermatic canal)
• Extraperitoneal connective tissue

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• Deep crural arch

the posterior muscles

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• Fascia covering the quadratus lumborum

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• Quadratus lumborum

the muscles and fasciae of the pelvis (Template:GraySubject)

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• pelvic diaphragm
• Pelvic fascia
  • fascia of the Obturator internus

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• Pelvic fascia
  • fascia of the Obturator internus
    • Alcock's canal
  • fascia of the Piriformis
  • diaphragmatic part of the pelvic fascia
    • anal fascia

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• Pelvic fascia
  • tendinous arch or white line of the pelvic fascia
  • endopelvic part of the pelvic fascia
    • vesical layer
    • rectovesical layer
    • rectal layer
• Levator ani

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• Levator ani
  • anococcygeal raphé

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• Levator ani
  • Levator prostatae
  • Iliococcygeus
    • Iliosacralis
  • Pubococcygeus
  • Puborectalis
  • Sphincter recti
• Coccygeus

the muscles and fasciae of the perineum (Template:GraySubject)

The Muscles of the Anal Region

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• Superficial fascia

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• Deep fascia
• Ischiorectal fossa (fossa ischiorectalis)
• Corrugator cutis ani
• Sphincter ani externus (External sphincter ani)

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• anococcygeal raphé
• Sphincter ani internus (Internal sphincter ani)

The Muscles of the Urogenital Region in the Male

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• Superficial fascia
• deep layer of superficial fascia (fascia of Colles)

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• Central tendinous point of the perineum
• Transversus perinæi superficialis (Transversus perinæi; Superficial transverse perineal muscle)

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• Bulbocavernosus (Ejaculator urinæ; Accelerator urinæ)
• Ischiocavernosus (Erector penis)
• Deep fascia
• urogenital diaphragm (triangular ligament)
• inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm

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• superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
• transverse ligament of the pelvis
• Transversus perinæi profundus
• Constrictor urethræ
• Sphincter urethræ membranaceæ

The Muscles of the Urogenital Region in the Female

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• Transversus perinæi superficialis (Transversus perinæi; Superficial transverse perineal muscle)
• Bulbocavernosus (Sphincter vaginæ)
• Ischiocavernosus (Erector clitoridis)
• fascia of the urogenital diaphragm

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• Transversus perinæi profundus

the fascia and muscles of the upper extremity

the muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column (Template:GraySubject)

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• Trapezius
• Latissimus dorsi

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• axillary arch
• lumbar triangle of Petit
• triangle of ausculation
• Rhomboideus major
• Rhomboideus minor

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• Levator scapulæ (Levator anguli scapulæ)

the muscles connecting the upper extremity to the anterior and lateral thoracic walls (Template:GraySubject)

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• Superficial fascia
  • ligamenta suspensoria
• Pectoral fascia

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• Pectoral fascia
  • axillary fascia
  • suspensory ligament of the axilla
• Pectoralis major

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• Pectoralis major
  • Costocoracoideus
  • Chondro-epitrochlearis
  • Sternalis
• Coracoclavicular fascia (fascia coracoclavicularis; costocoracoid membrane; clavipectoral fascia)
  • costocoracoid ligament

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• Pectoralis minor
  • Pectoralis minimus
• Subclavius
• Serratus anterior (Serratus magnus)

the muscles and fasciae of the shoulder (Template:GraySubject)

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• Deltoideus (Deltoid muscle)

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• Subscapular fascia (fascia subscapularis)
• Subscapularis
• Supraspinatous fascia (fascia supraspinata)
• Supraspinatus

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• Infraspinatous fascia (fascia infraspinata)
• Infraspinatus
• Teres minor

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• Teres major

the muscles and fasciae of the arm (Template:GraySubject)

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• Brachial fascia (fascia brachii; deep fascia of the arm)
• lateral intermuscular septum
• medial intermuscular septum

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• Coracobrachialis
• Biceps brachii (Biceps; Biceps flexor cubiti)

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• lacertus fibrosus (bicipital fascia)
• Brachialis (Brachialis anticus)
• Triceps brachii (Triceps; Triceps extensor cubiti)
• tendon of the Triceps brachii

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• triangular space
• quadrangular space
• Variations
  • Subanconæus

the muscles and fasciae of the forearm (Template:GraySubject)

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• Antibrachial fascia (fascia antibrachii; deep fascia of the forearm)

The Volar Antibrachial Muscles: Superficial Group

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• Pronator teres
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Palmaris longus

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• Flexor carpi ulnaris

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• Flexor digitorum sublimis

The Volar Antibrachial Muscles: Deep Group

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• Flexor digitorum profundus

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• vincula tendina
• vincula brevia
• vincula longa
• Flexor pollicis longus
• Pronator quadratus

The Dorsal Antibrachial Muscles: Superficial group

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• Brachioradialis (Supinator longus)

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• Extensor carpi radialis longus (Extensor carpi radialis longior)
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis (Extensor carpi radialis brevior)
• Extensor digitorum communis

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• Extensor digiti quinti proprius (Extensor minimi digiti)
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Anconæus

The Dorsal Antibrachial Muscles: Deep Group

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• Supinator (Supinator brevis)

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• Abductor pollicis longus (Extensor oss. metacarpi pollicis)
• Extensor pollicis brevis (Extensor primi internodii pollicis)
• Extensor pollicis longus (Extensor secundi internodii pollicis)

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• Extensor indicis proprius (Extensor indicis)

the muscles and fasciae of the hand (Template:GraySubject)

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• thenar eminence
• hypothenar eminence
• Volar carpal ligament (ligamentum carpi volare)
• Transverse carpal ligament (ligamentum carpi transversum; anterior annular ligament)

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• Mucous sheaths of wrist

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• Dorsal carpal ligament (ligamentum carpi dorsale; posterior annular ligament)

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• Mucous sheaths on back of wrist

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• Palmar aponeurosis (aponeurosis palmaris; palmar fascia)

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• Superficial transverse ligament of the fingers

The Lateral Volar Muscles

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• Abductor pollicis brevis (Abductor pollicis)
• Opponens pollicis
• Flexor pollicis brevis
• first interosseous volaris

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• Adductor pollicis (obliquus) (Adductor obliquus pollicis)
• Adductor pollicis (transversus) (Adductor transversus pollicis)

The Medial Volar Muscles

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• Palmaris brevis
• Abductor digiti quinti (Abductor minimi digiti)

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• Flexor digiti quinti brevis (Flexor brevis minimi digiti)
• Opponens digiti quinti (Opponens minimi digiti)

The Intermediate Muscles

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• Lumbricales
• Interossei dorsales (Dorsal interossei)
• Abductor indicis

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• Interossei volares (Palmar interossei)
• Interosseus volaris primus

the muscles and fasciae of the lower extremity

the muscles and fasciae of the iliac region (Template:GraySubject)

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• The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Iliac region

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• Fascia Covering the Psoas and Iliacus
  • portion covering the Psoas
  • portions investing the Iliacus (fascia iliaca; iliac fascia)
  • iliopectineal fascia

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• Psoas major (Psoas magnus)
• Psoas minor (Psoas parvus)
• Iliacus

the muscles and fasciae of the thigh (Template:GraySubject)

The Anterior Femoral Muscles

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• Superficial fascia
  • fossa ovalis (saphenous opening)
  • fascia cribrosa
• Deep fascia
  • fascia lata
  • iliotibial band (tractus iliotibialis)

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• Fossa ovalis (saphenous opening)
  • superficial portion of the fascia lata
    • falciform margin
      • superior cornu
      • inferior cornu
  • deep portion

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• Sartorius
• Quadriceps femoris (Quadriceps extensor)
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus)

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• Quadriceps femoris (Quadriceps extensor)
  • Vastus medialis (Vastus internus)
  • Vastus intermedius (Crureus)
• tendons
  • prepatellar bursa
• Articularis genu (Subcrureus)

The Medial Femoral Muscles

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• Gracilis

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• Pectineus
• Adductores
  • Adductor longus

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• Adductores
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus

The Muscles of the Gluteal Region

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• Gluteal muscles
  • Glutæus maximus
  • Glutæus medius

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• Gluteal muscles
  • Glutæus minimus

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• Tensor fasciæ latæ (Tensor fasciæ femoris)
• Piriformis
• Obturator membrane

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• Obturator internus
• Gemelli
  • Gemellus superior
  • Gemellus inferior
• Quadratus femoris
• Obturator externus

The Posterior Femoral Muscles (Hamstring Muscles)

• Biceps femoris (Biceps)

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• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus

the muscles and fasciae of the leg (Template:GraySubject)

The Anterior Crural Muscles

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• Deep fascia (fascia cruris)
  • anterior and posterior peroneal septa
  • deep transverse fascia of the leg
• Tibialis anterior (Tibialis anticus)
  • Tibiofascialis anterior

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• Extensor hallucis longus (Extensor proprius hallucis)
  • Extensor ossis metatarsi hallucis
• Extensor digitorum longus

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• Peronæus tertius

The Posterior Crural Muscles: Superficial group

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• Gastrocnemius

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• Soleus
• Triceps suræ
• Tendo calcaneus (tendo Achillis)
• Plantaris

The Posterior Crural Muscles: Deep group

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• Deep transverse fascia

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• Popliteus

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• Flexor hallucis longus
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Tibialis posterior (Tibialis posticus)

The Lateral Crural Muscles

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• Peronæus longus

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• Peronæus brevis

the fasciae around the ankle (Template:GraySubject)

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• Transverse crural ligament (ligamentum transversum cruris; upper part of anterior annular ligament)
• Cruciate crural ligament (ligamentum cruciatum cruris; lower part of anterior annular ligament)

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• Laciniate ligament (ligamentum laciniatum; internal annular ligament)
• Peroneal retinacula
  • superior retinaculum (external annular ligament)
  • inferior retinaculum
• Mucous sheaths of the Tendons Around the Ankle

the muscles and fasciae of the foot (Template:GraySubject)

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• Dorsal muscle of the foot
• Extensor digitorum brevis
• Extensor hallucis brevis
• Plantar muscles of the foot
• Plantar aponeurosis (aponeurosis plantaris; plantar fascia)

The First Layer

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• Abductor hallucis
• Flexor digitorum brevis

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• Abductor digiti quinti (Abductor minimi digiti)

The Second Layer

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• Quadratus plantæ (Flexor accessorius)
• Lumbricales

The Third Layer

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• Flexor hallucis brevis
• Adductor hallucis (Adductor obliquus hallucis)

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• Flexor digiti quinti brevis (Flexor brevis minimi digiti)
• Opponens digiti quinti

The Fourth Layer

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• Interossei
• Interossei dorsales (Dorsal interossei)
• Interossei plantares (Plantar interossei)

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy