Hypocholesterolemia: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:


==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Hypocholesterolemia''' is the presence of abnormally low (''hypo-'') levels of [[cholesterol]] in the [[blood]] (''-emia'').
'''Hypocholesterolemia''' is the presence of abnormally low (''hypo-'') levels of [[cholesterol]] in the [[blood]] (''-emia''). Low cholesterol levels can be defined as a total cholesterol and LDL-C levels inferior to the 5th percentile of the general population adjusted for age, gender and race.<ref name="pmid20626336">{{cite journal| author=Moutzouri E, Elisaf M, Liberopoulos EN| title=Hypocholesterolemia. | journal=Curr Vasc Pharmacol | year= 2011 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 200-12 | pmid=20626336 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20626336  }} </ref>  The cut-off point used to define hypocholetsterolemia lies between 120 mg/dl  and 150m/dl.


==Causes==
==Causes==
Line 16: Line 16:
*[[Manganese deficiency (medicine)|manganese deficiency]]
*[[Manganese deficiency (medicine)|manganese deficiency]]
*[[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]]
*[[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]]
* [[HIV]] infection<ref name="pmid7605397">{{cite journal| author=Shor-Posner G, Basit A, Lu Y, Cabrejos C, Chang J, Fletcher M et al.| title=Hypocholesterolemia is associated with immune dysfunction in early human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 94 | issue= 5 | pages= 515-9 | pmid=7605397 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7605397  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7265818">{{cite journal| author=Oster P, Muchowski H, Heuck CC, Schlierf G| title=The prognostic significance of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients. | journal=Klin Wochenschr | year= 1981 | volume= 59 | issue= 15 | pages= 857-60 | pmid=7265818 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7265818  }} </ref>


==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
Line 32: Line 33:
===Critical illness===
===Critical illness===
Low cholesterol levels are predictive of clinical deterioration, and are correlated with altered [[cytokine]] levels<ref>Gordon BR, Parker TS, Levine DM, Saal SD, Wang JC, Sloan BJ, Barie PS, Rubin AL. Relationship of hypolipidemia to cytokine concentrations and outcomes in critically ill surgical patients. ''Crit Care Med'' 2001;29:1563-8. PMID 11505128.</ref>.
Low cholesterol levels are predictive of clinical deterioration, and are correlated with altered [[cytokine]] levels<ref>Gordon BR, Parker TS, Levine DM, Saal SD, Wang JC, Sloan BJ, Barie PS, Rubin AL. Relationship of hypolipidemia to cytokine concentrations and outcomes in critically ill surgical patients. ''Crit Care Med'' 2001;29:1563-8. PMID 11505128.</ref>.
Low cholesterol might be a prognostic sign in hospitalized patients.<ref name="pmid7711423">{{cite journal| author=Windler E, Ewers-Grabow U, Thiery J, Walli A, Seidel D, Greten H| title=The prognostic value of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients. | journal=Clin Investig | year= 1994 | volume= 72 | issue= 12 | pages= 939-43 | pmid=7711423 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7711423  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7265818">{{cite journal| author=Oster P, Muchowski H, Heuck CC, Schlierf G| title=The prognostic significance of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients. | journal=Klin Wochenschr | year= 1981 | volume= 59 | issue= 15 | pages= 857-60 | pmid=7265818 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7265818  }} </ref>
Low cholesterol might be a prognostic sign in viral [[liver cirrhosis]].<ref name="pmid9867102">{{cite journal| author=D'Arienzo A, Manguso F, Scaglione G, Vicinanza G, Bennato R, Mazzacca G| title=Prognostic value of progressive decrease in serum cholesterol in predicting survival in Child-Pugh C viral cirrhosis. | journal=Scand J Gastroenterol | year= 1998 | volume= 33 | issue= 11 | pages= 1213-8 | pmid=9867102 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9867102  }} </ref>


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==

Latest revision as of 14:11, 17 September 2013

WikiDoc Resources for Hypocholesterolemia

Articles

Most recent articles on Hypocholesterolemia

Most cited articles on Hypocholesterolemia

Review articles on Hypocholesterolemia

Articles on Hypocholesterolemia in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Hypocholesterolemia

Images of Hypocholesterolemia

Photos of Hypocholesterolemia

Podcasts & MP3s on Hypocholesterolemia

Videos on Hypocholesterolemia

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Hypocholesterolemia

Bandolier on Hypocholesterolemia

TRIP on Hypocholesterolemia

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Hypocholesterolemia at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Hypocholesterolemia

Clinical Trials on Hypocholesterolemia at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Hypocholesterolemia

NICE Guidance on Hypocholesterolemia

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Hypocholesterolemia

CDC on Hypocholesterolemia

Books

Books on Hypocholesterolemia

News

Hypocholesterolemia in the news

Be alerted to news on Hypocholesterolemia

News trends on Hypocholesterolemia

Commentary

Blogs on Hypocholesterolemia

Definitions

Definitions of Hypocholesterolemia

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Hypocholesterolemia

Discussion groups on Hypocholesterolemia

Patient Handouts on Hypocholesterolemia

Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypocholesterolemia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypocholesterolemia

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Hypocholesterolemia

Causes & Risk Factors for Hypocholesterolemia

Diagnostic studies for Hypocholesterolemia

Treatment of Hypocholesterolemia

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Hypocholesterolemia

International

Hypocholesterolemia en Espanol

Hypocholesterolemia en Francais

Business

Hypocholesterolemia in the Marketplace

Patents on Hypocholesterolemia

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Hypocholesterolemia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Hypocholesterolemia is the presence of abnormally low (hypo-) levels of cholesterol in the blood (-emia). Low cholesterol levels can be defined as a total cholesterol and LDL-C levels inferior to the 5th percentile of the general population adjusted for age, gender and race.[1] The cut-off point used to define hypocholetsterolemia lies between 120 mg/dl and 150m/dl.

Causes

Possible causes of low cholesterol are:

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

With the increased use of medication to suppress cholesterol, some have expressed concern that lowering cholesterol levels excessively will itself cause disease. While hypercholesterolemia, the presence of high cholesterol, has been linked strongly with cardiovascular disease, it is much less certain whether low cholesterol levels are intrinsically harmful.

Specific disease entities

Demographic studies suggest that cholesterol levels form an U-shape curve when plotted against mortality; this suggests that low cholesterol is associated with increased mortality, mainly due to depression, cancer, hemorrhagic stroke and respiratory diseases[4]. It is possible that whatever causes the low cholesterol level also causes mortality, and that the low cholesterol is simply a marker of poor health[5].

Links with depression have been supported by studies[6]. In contrast, no evidence was found for a link with hemorrhagic stroke (although higher cholesterol levels conferred a relative protection), and neither did statin drugs worsen the risk[7].

The Heart Protection Study found no increase in either respiratory disease or neuropsychiatric illness in a large trial population taking a statin drug[8].

Elderly

In the elderly, low cholesterol may confer a health risk that may not be offset by the beneficial effects of cholesterol lowering[9]. Similarly, for elderly patients admitted to hospital, low cholesterol may predict short-term mortality[10]

Critical illness

Low cholesterol levels are predictive of clinical deterioration, and are correlated with altered cytokine levels[11].

Low cholesterol might be a prognostic sign in hospitalized patients.[12][3]

Low cholesterol might be a prognostic sign in viral liver cirrhosis.[13]

Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

According to most authorities, only total cholesterol levels below 160 mg/dL or 4.1 mmol/l are to be classified as "hypocholesterolemia"[5].

References

  1. Moutzouri E, Elisaf M, Liberopoulos EN (2011). "Hypocholesterolemia". Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 9 (2): 200–12. PMID 20626336.
  2. Shor-Posner G, Basit A, Lu Y, Cabrejos C, Chang J, Fletcher M; et al. (1993). "Hypocholesterolemia is associated with immune dysfunction in early human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection". Am J Med. 94 (5): 515–9. PMID 7605397.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Oster P, Muchowski H, Heuck CC, Schlierf G (1981). "The prognostic significance of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients". Klin Wochenschr. 59 (15): 857–60. PMID 7265818.
  4. Jacobs D, Blackburn H, Higgins M, Reed D, Iso H, McMillan G, Neaton J, Nelson J, Potter J, Rifkind B, et al. Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortality Associations. Circulation 1992;86:1046-60. PMID 1355411.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Criqui MH. Very Low Cholesterol and Cholesterol Lowering. Leaflet 71-0059. American Heart Association 1994. Online version.
  6. Suarez EC. Relations of trait depression and anxiety to low lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in healthy young adult women. Psychosom Med 1999;61:273-9. PMID 10367605.
  7. Woo D, Kissela BM, Khoury JC, Sauerbeck LR, Haverbusch MA, Szaflarski JP, Gebel JM, Pancioli AM, Jauch EC, Schneider A, Kleindorfer D, Broderick JP. Hypercholesterolemia, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a case-control study. Stroke 2004;35:1360-4. PMID 15087556.
  8. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22. PMID 12114036.
  9. Schatz IJ, Masaki K, Yano K, Chen R, Rodriguez BL, Curb JD. Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study. Lancet 2001;358:351-5. PMID 11502313.
  10. Onder G, Landi F, Volpato S, Fellin R, Carbonin P, Gambassi G, Bernabei R. Serum cholesterol levels and in-hospital mortality in the elderly. Am J Med 2003;115:265-71. PMID 12967690.
  11. Gordon BR, Parker TS, Levine DM, Saal SD, Wang JC, Sloan BJ, Barie PS, Rubin AL. Relationship of hypolipidemia to cytokine concentrations and outcomes in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1563-8. PMID 11505128.
  12. Windler E, Ewers-Grabow U, Thiery J, Walli A, Seidel D, Greten H (1994). "The prognostic value of hypocholesterolemia in hospitalized patients". Clin Investig. 72 (12): 939–43. PMID 7711423.
  13. D'Arienzo A, Manguso F, Scaglione G, Vicinanza G, Bennato R, Mazzacca G (1998). "Prognostic value of progressive decrease in serum cholesterol in predicting survival in Child-Pugh C viral cirrhosis". Scand J Gastroenterol. 33 (11): 1213–8. PMID 9867102.

Template:WikiDoc Sources