Glucagonoma CT: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Glucagonoma}}
{{Glucagonoma}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{PSD}} {{MAD}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{PSD}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Findings on abdominal CT scan suggestive of glucagonoma include a reinforced mass in the arterial phase of the enhanced CT scan. Symptomatic but nonfunctioning glucagonomas are usually large (>3 cm) at the time of diagnosis.
Findings on abdominal CT scan suggestive of glucagonoma include a reinforced mass in the [[Arterial|arterial phase]] of the [[CT scan|enhanced CT scan]]. Symptomatic but non functioning glucagonomas are usually large (>3 cm) at the time of diagnosis.


==CT==
==CT==
* CT scans are used to determine the location of the tumor, show the organs nearby, determining the stage of cancer and in determining whether surgery is a good treatment option.
The [[CT scan]] findings associated with glucagonoma include:<ref name="pmid25789004">{{cite journal| author=Lv WF, Han JK, Liu X, Wang SC, Pan BO, Xu AO| title=Imaging features of glucagonoma syndrome: A case report and review of the literature. | journal=Oncol Lett | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 1579-1582 | pmid=25789004 | doi=10.3892/ol.2015.2930 | pmc=PMC4356379 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25789004  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21067742">{{cite journal| author=Khashab MA, Yong E, Lennon AM, Shin EJ, Amateau S, Hruban RH et al.| title=EUS is still superior to multidetector computerized tomography for detection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. | journal=Gastrointest Endosc | year= 2011 | volume= 73 | issue= 4 | pages= 691-6 | pmid=21067742 | doi=10.1016/j.gie.2010.08.030 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21067742  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9423664">{{cite journal| author=Paulson EK, McDermott VG, Keogan MT, DeLong DM, Frederick MG, Nelson RC| title=Carcinoid metastases to the liver: role of triple-phase helical CT. | journal=Radiology | year= 1998 | volume= 206 | issue= 1 | pages= 143-50 | pmid=9423664 | doi=10.1148/radiology.206.1.9423664 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9423664  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9574609">{{cite journal| author=Legmann P, Vignaux O, Dousset B, Baraza AJ, Palazzo L, Dumontier I et al.| title=Pancreatic tumors: comparison of dual-phase helical CT and endoscopic sonography. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 1998 | volume= 170 | issue= 5 | pages= 1315-22 | pmid=9574609 | doi=10.2214/ajr.170.5.9574609 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9574609  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20231629">{{cite journal| author=Wang SC, Parekh JR, Zuraek MB, Venook AP, Bergsland EK, Warren RS et al.| title=Identification of unknown primary tumors in patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases. | journal=Arch Surg | year= 2010 | volume= 145 | issue= 3 | pages= 276-80 | pmid=20231629 | doi=10.1001/archsurg.2010.10 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20231629  }}</ref>
* Spiral multi phasic contrast-enhanced CT is recommended. <ref name="pmid25789004">{{cite journal| author=Lv WF, Han JK, Liu X, Wang SC, Pan BO, Xu AO| title=Imaging features of glucagonoma syndrome: A case report and review of the literature. | journal=Oncol Lett | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 1579-1582 | pmid=25789004 | doi=10.3892/ol.2015.2930 | pmc=PMC4356379 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25789004  }} </ref>
* CT scans are used to determine the location of the [[tumor]], show the [[organs]] nearby, determining the stage of [[cancer]] and in determining whether [[surgery]] is a good treatment option.
* Sensitivity is >80 percent but it is decreased for tumors smaller than 2 cm.<ref name="pmid21067742">{{cite journal| author=Khashab MA, Yong E, Lennon AM, Shin EJ, Amateau S, Hruban RH et al.| title=EUS is still superior to multidetector computerized tomography for detection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. | journal=Gastrointest Endosc | year= 2011 | volume= 73 | issue= 4 | pages= 691-6 | pmid=21067742 | doi=10.1016/j.gie.2010.08.030 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21067742  }}</ref>
* Spiral multi phasic contrast-enhanced CT is recommended.  
 
* [[Sensitivity]] is greater than 80 percent but it is decreased for [[tumors]] smaller than 2 cm.
* With contrast, glucagonomas often enhance with iodinated contrast during the early arterial phase with washout during the portal venous imaging phase.<ref name="pmid9423664">{{cite journal| author=Paulson EK, McDermott VG, Keogan MT, DeLong DM, Frederick MG, Nelson RC| title=Carcinoid metastases to the liver: role of triple-phase helical CT. | journal=Radiology | year= 1998 | volume= 206 | issue= 1 | pages= 143-50 | pmid=9423664 | doi=10.1148/radiology.206.1.9423664 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9423664  }}</ref>
* With contrast, glucagonomas often enhance with [[iodinated contrast]] during the early [[arterial]] phase with washout during the [[portal vein|portal venous]] imaging phase.
 
* [[Liver]] [[metastases]] may appear isodense with the [[liver]] on a non-contrasted study.
* Liver metastases may appear isodense with the liver on a non-contrasted study.<ref name="pmid9574609">{{cite journal| author=Legmann P, Vignaux O, Dousset B, Baraza AJ, Palazzo L, Dumontier I et al.| title=Pancreatic tumors: comparison of dual-phase helical CT and endoscopic sonography. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 1998 | volume= 170 | issue= 5 | pages= 1315-22 | pmid=9574609 | doi=10.2214/ajr.170.5.9574609 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9574609  }}</ref>
* [[Symptomatic]] but [[Nonfunctioning adenoma|nonfunctioning]] glucagonomas are usually large (>3 cm) at the time of diagnosis.
* Symptomatic but nonfunctioning glucagonomas are usually large (>3 cm) at the time of diagnosis.<ref name="pmid20231629">{{cite journal| author=Wang SC, Parekh JR, Zuraek MB, Venook AP, Bergsland EK, Warren RS et al.| title=Identification of unknown primary tumors in patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases. | journal=Arch Surg | year= 2010 | volume= 145 | issue= 3 | pages= 276-80 | pmid=20231629 | doi=10.1001/archsurg.2010.10 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20231629  }}</ref>
<gallery>Image:Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen. A 3-cm nodular mass in the head of the pancreas was seen. There was no evidence of metastases..jpg|A 3-cm nodular mass in the head of the pancreas<ref name="pmid25029913">{{cite journal| author=Wu SL, Bai JG, Xu J, Ma QY, Wu Z| title=Necrolytic migratory erythema as the first manifestation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. | journal=World J Surg Oncol | year= 2014 | volume= 12 | issue=  | pages= 220 | pmid=25029913 | doi=10.1186/1477-7819-12-220 | pmc=PMC4105234 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25029913  }} </ref>
Image:NEM23.jpg|Computed tomography scan of the abdomen showing a large tumor in the tail of the pancreas<ref name="pmid25152626">{{cite journal| author=Fang S, Li S, Cai T| title=Glucagonoma syndrome: a case report with focus on skin disorders. | journal=Onco Targets Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 1449-53 | pmid=25152626 | doi=10.2147/OTT.S66285 | pmc=PMC4140234 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25152626  }} </ref>
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
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[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 22:32, 30 May 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2]

Overview

Findings on abdominal CT scan suggestive of glucagonoma include a reinforced mass in the arterial phase of the enhanced CT scan. Symptomatic but non functioning glucagonomas are usually large (>3 cm) at the time of diagnosis.

CT

The CT scan findings associated with glucagonoma include:[1][2][3][4][5]

  • CT scans are used to determine the location of the tumor, show the organs nearby, determining the stage of cancer and in determining whether surgery is a good treatment option.
  • Spiral multi phasic contrast-enhanced CT is recommended.
  • Sensitivity is greater than 80 percent but it is decreased for tumors smaller than 2 cm.
  • With contrast, glucagonomas often enhance with iodinated contrast during the early arterial phase with washout during the portal venous imaging phase.
  • Liver metastases may appear isodense with the liver on a non-contrasted study.
  • Symptomatic but nonfunctioning glucagonomas are usually large (>3 cm) at the time of diagnosis.

References

  1. Lv WF, Han JK, Liu X, Wang SC, Pan BO, Xu AO (2015). "Imaging features of glucagonoma syndrome: A case report and review of the literature". Oncol Lett. 9 (4): 1579–1582. doi:10.3892/ol.2015.2930. PMC 4356379. PMID 25789004.
  2. Khashab MA, Yong E, Lennon AM, Shin EJ, Amateau S, Hruban RH; et al. (2011). "EUS is still superior to multidetector computerized tomography for detection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors". Gastrointest Endosc. 73 (4): 691–6. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2010.08.030. PMID 21067742.
  3. Paulson EK, McDermott VG, Keogan MT, DeLong DM, Frederick MG, Nelson RC (1998). "Carcinoid metastases to the liver: role of triple-phase helical CT". Radiology. 206 (1): 143–50. doi:10.1148/radiology.206.1.9423664. PMID 9423664.
  4. Legmann P, Vignaux O, Dousset B, Baraza AJ, Palazzo L, Dumontier I; et al. (1998). "Pancreatic tumors: comparison of dual-phase helical CT and endoscopic sonography". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170 (5): 1315–22. doi:10.2214/ajr.170.5.9574609. PMID 9574609.
  5. Wang SC, Parekh JR, Zuraek MB, Venook AP, Bergsland EK, Warren RS; et al. (2010). "Identification of unknown primary tumors in patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases". Arch Surg. 145 (3): 276–80. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2010.10. PMID 20231629.

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