Germ cell tumor risk factors: Difference between revisions

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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Dysgerminoma''' '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Ovarian germ cell tumor<ref name="PleskacovaHersmus20102">{{cite journal|last1=Pleskacova|first1=J.|last2=Hersmus|first2=R.|last3=Oosterhuis|first3=J.W.|last4=Setyawati|first4=B.A.|last5=Faradz|first5=S.M.|last6=Cools|first6=M.|last7=Wolffenbuttel|first7=K.P.|last8=Lebl|first8=J.|last9=Drop|first9=S.L.|last10=Looijenga|first10=L.H.|title=Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development|journal=Sexual Development|volume=4|issue=4-5|year=2010|pages=259–269|issn=1661-5433|doi=10.1159/000314536}}</ref><ref name="SharpeSkakkebaek20082">{{cite journal|last1=Sharpe|first1=Richard M.|last2=Skakkebaek|first2=Niels E.|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=89|issue=2|year=2008|pages=e33–e38|issn=00150282|doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026}}</ref><ref name="SkakkebækRajpert-De Meyts20012">{{cite journal|last1=Skakkebæk|first1=N.E.|last2=Rajpert-De Meyts|first2=E.|last3=Main|first3=K.M.|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=16|issue=5|year=2001|pages=972–978|issn=1460-2350|doi=10.1093/humrep/16.5.972}}</ref><ref name="pmid33903782">{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RW, Henderson BE |title=Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=418–22 |date=April 1988 |pmid=3390378 |pmc=2246577 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid190387642">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hackethal A, Brueggmann D, Bohlmann MK, Franke FE, Tinneberg HR, Münstedt K |title=Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data |journal=Lancet Oncol. |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1173–80 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19038764 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70306-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ParkKim20082">{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Jeong-Yeol|last2=Kim|first2=Dae-Yeon|last3=Kim|first3=Jong-Hyeok|last4=Kim|first4=Yong-Man|last5=Kim|first5=Young-Tak|last6=Nam|first6=Joo-Hyun|title=Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=141|issue=2|year=2008|pages=173–178|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032}}</ref><ref name="wqd2">{{cite book | last = Kliegman | first = Robert | title = Nelson textbook of pediatrics | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4377-0755-7 }}</ref>
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*RF1
*[[gonadal dysgenesis]]
*[[Maternal]] [[hormonal]] factors:
**[[Maternal]] high [[body mass index]]
** Maternal use of exogenous [[hormones]]
*Other [[reproductive]] factors:
**[[Parity]]
**[[Oral contraceptive]] use
**Age at first and last births 
Dysgerminoma:
*[[gonadal dysgenesis]],
*[[androgen insensitivity syndrome]]
*[[gonadoblastoma]].<br />
*
Mature teratoma:
Common risk factors in the malignant transformation of mature teratoma include:
*Old age (> 50 years old)
*Large tumor size (> 10 cm)
*Presence of a solid portion
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;" | Seminoma
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;" | Seminoma<ref name="riskfactorsfortesticulargermcelltumotrssnkjb2">Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016</ref><ref name="seminomariskfactorsmlmn12">Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid179168702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan O, Protheroe A |title=Testis cancer |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=83 |issue=984 |pages=624–32 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17916870 |pmc=2600126 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17916870}}</ref><ref name="pmid225084592">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn KA, Trabert B |title=Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=339–49 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22508459 |pmc=4031676 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.61 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid292626682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G |title=Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=61 |pages=104654–104663 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29262668 |pmc=5732834 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.20992 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid282411062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA |title=Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026 |journal=Cancer |volume=123 |issue=12 |pages=2320–2328 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28241106 |pmc=5629636 |doi=10.1002/cncr.30597 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid265603142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D |title=Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=15 |issue= |pages=897 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26560314 |pmc=4642772 |doi=10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6 |url=}}</ref>
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* RF1
Common Risk Factors
*Caucasian race
*[[Undescended testicle]]
*[[Family history]] of [[Testicle|testicular]] [[cancer]]
*Personal history of [[testicular cancer]]  (previous tumor in contralateral testis)
*[[Klinefelter syndrome]]
* Impaired [[spermatogenesis]]
*[[Hypospadias]]
*[[Testicular]] microlithiasis
*[[Testicular]] [[dysgenesis]]
*[[Testicular]] [[Feminization (biology)|feminization]]
*[[Klinefelter's Syndrome|Klinefelter syndrome]]
Less Common Risk Factors
*[[Infection|Infections]] such as [[HIV]], [[orchitis]]
*History of [[trauma]]
*[[Organ transplant]] [[immunosuppression]]
* Canabis exposure
|-
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Embryonal carcinoma''' '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Embryonal carcinoma''' '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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*RF1
*
|-
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan=1;"|Teratoma''' '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan=1;"|Teratoma''' '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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*RF1
*
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Choriocarcinoma''' '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Choriocarcinoma''' '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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*RF1
*'''Maternal'''
*The risk of choriocarcinoma increases progressively in women older than 25 years
*The risk increases more rapidly in women older than 39 years
*The risk is higher for women younger than 20 compared with women aged 20 – 24 years
*History of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
*Reproductive Factors
|-
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Yolk sac tumor''' '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Yolk sac tumor''' '''
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*RF1
*


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Revision as of 18:27, 18 September 2019

Risk Factors

Germ cell tumor Risk factors
Ovarian germ cell tumor[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Dysgerminoma:

Mature teratoma: Common risk factors in the malignant transformation of mature teratoma include:

  • Old age (> 50 years old)
  • Large tumor size (> 10 cm)
  • Presence of a solid portion
Seminoma[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

Embryonal carcinoma
Teratoma
Choriocarcinoma
  • Maternal
  • The risk of choriocarcinoma increases progressively in women older than 25 years
  • The risk increases more rapidly in women older than 39 years
  • The risk is higher for women younger than 20 compared with women aged 20 – 24 years
  • History of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
  • Reproductive Factors
Yolk sac tumor




Risk factors of Ovarian germ cell tumors (Dysgerminoma):

Mature teratoma

Dysgerminoma

Risk factors of Testicular germ cell tumors (Seminoma):

Common risk factors in testicular seminoma include:[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ Pleskacova, J.; Hersmus, R.; Oosterhuis, J.W.; Setyawati, B.A.; Faradz, S.M.; Cools, M.; Wolffenbuttel, K.P.; Lebl, J.; Drop, S.L.; Looijenga, L.H. (2010). "Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development". Sexual Development. 4 (4–5): 259–269. doi:10.1159/000314536. ISSN 1661-5433.
  2. ↑ Sharpe, Richard M.; Skakkebaek, Niels E. (2008). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects". Fertility and Sterility. 89 (2): e33–e38. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026. ISSN 0015-0282.
  3. ↑ Skakkebæk, N.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Main, K.M. (2001). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion". Human Reproduction. 16 (5): 972–978. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.5.972. ISSN 1460-2350.
  4. ↑ Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RW, Henderson BE (April 1988). "Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women". Br. J. Cancer. 57 (4): 418–22. PMC 2246577. PMID 3390378.
  5. ↑ Hackethal A, Brueggmann D, Bohlmann MK, Franke FE, Tinneberg HR, Münstedt K (December 2008). "Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data". Lancet Oncol. 9 (12): 1173–80. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70306-1. PMID 19038764.
  6. ↑ Park, Jeong-Yeol; Kim, Dae-Yeon; Kim, Jong-Hyeok; Kim, Yong-Man; Kim, Young-Tak; Nam, Joo-Hyun (2008). "Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 141 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032. ISSN 0301-2115.
  7. ↑ Kliegman, Robert (2011). Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-0755-7.
  8. ↑ Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016
  9. ↑ Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016
  10. ↑ Khan O, Protheroe A (October 2007). "Testis cancer". Postgrad Med J. 83 (984): 624–32. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992. PMC 2600126. PMID 17916870.
  11. ↑ McGlynn KA, Trabert B (April 2012). "Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer". Nat Rev Urol. 9 (6): 339–49. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.61. PMC 4031676. PMID 22508459.
  12. ↑ Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G (November 2017). "Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors". Oncotarget. 8 (61): 104654–104663. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20992. PMC 5732834. PMID 29262668.
  13. ↑ Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA (June 2017). "Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026". Cancer. 123 (12): 2320–2328. doi:10.1002/cncr.30597. PMC 5629636. PMID 28241106.
  14. ↑ Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D (November 2015). "Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Cancer. 15: 897. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6. PMC 4642772. PMID 26560314.
  15. ↑ Pleskacova, J.; Hersmus, R.; Oosterhuis, J.W.; Setyawati, B.A.; Faradz, S.M.; Cools, M.; Wolffenbuttel, K.P.; Lebl, J.; Drop, S.L.; Looijenga, L.H. (2010). "Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development". Sexual Development. 4 (4–5): 259–269. doi:10.1159/000314536. ISSN 1661-5433.
  16. ↑ Sharpe, Richard M.; Skakkebaek, Niels E. (2008). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects". Fertility and Sterility. 89 (2): e33–e38. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026. ISSN 0015-0282.
  17. ↑ Skakkebæk, N.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Main, K.M. (2001). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion". Human Reproduction. 16 (5): 972–978. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.5.972. ISSN 1460-2350.
  18. ↑ Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RW, Henderson BE (April 1988). "Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women". Br. J. Cancer. 57 (4): 418–22. PMC 2246577. PMID 3390378.
  19. ↑ Hackethal A, Brueggmann D, Bohlmann MK, Franke FE, Tinneberg HR, Münstedt K (December 2008). "Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data". Lancet Oncol. 9 (12): 1173–80. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70306-1. PMID 19038764.
  20. ↑ Park, Jeong-Yeol; Kim, Dae-Yeon; Kim, Jong-Hyeok; Kim, Yong-Man; Kim, Young-Tak; Nam, Joo-Hyun (2008). "Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 141 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032. ISSN 0301-2115.
  21. ↑ Kliegman, Robert (2011). Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-0755-7.
  22. ↑ Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016
  23. ↑ Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016
  24. ↑ Khan O, Protheroe A (October 2007). "Testis cancer". Postgrad Med J. 83 (984): 624–32. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992. PMC 2600126. PMID 17916870.
  25. ↑ McGlynn KA, Trabert B (April 2012). "Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer". Nat Rev Urol. 9 (6): 339–49. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.61. PMC 4031676. PMID 22508459.
  26. ↑ Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G (November 2017). "Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors". Oncotarget. 8 (61): 104654–104663. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20992. PMC 5732834. PMID 29262668.
  27. ↑ Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA (June 2017). "Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026". Cancer. 123 (12): 2320–2328. doi:10.1002/cncr.30597. PMC 5629636. PMID 28241106.
  28. ↑ Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D (November 2015). "Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Cancer. 15: 897. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6. PMC 4642772. PMID 26560314.
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