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| == Causes == | | == Causes == |
| [[Image:Gallstones.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Gall bladder]] opened to show numerous '''gallstones'''. Their brownish to greenish color suggest they are cholesterol [[Calculus (medicine)|calculi]].]]
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| Progress has been made in understanding the process of gallstone formation. Researchers believe that gallstones may be caused by a combination of factors, including inherited body chemistry, [[human weight|body weight,]] gallbladder motility (movement), and perhaps diet. Additionally, people with [[erythropoietic protoporphyria]] (EPP) are at increased risk to develop gallstones.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec12/ch160/ch160d.html |title=Erythropoietic Protoporphyria |accessdate=2007-08-25 |work=Merck Manual}}</ref>
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| Cholesterol gallstones develop when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts. Besides a high concentration of cholesterol, two other factors seem to be important in causing gallstones. The first is how often and how well the gallbladder contracts; incomplete and infrequent emptying of the gallbladder may cause the bile to become overconcentrated and contribute to gallstone formation. The second factor is the presence of proteins in the liver and bile that either promote or inhibit cholesterol crystallization into gallstones.
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| In addition, increased levels of the hormone [[estrogen]] as a result of [[pregnancy]], [[hormone therapy]], or the use of combined (estrogen-containing) forms of [[hormonal contraception]], may increase cholesterol levels in bile and also decrease gallbladder movement, resulting in gallstone formation.
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| No clear relationship has been proven between diet and gallstone formation. However, low-fiber, high-cholesterol diets, and diets high in starchy foods have been suggested as contributing to gallstone formation. Other nutritional factors that may increase risk of gallstones include rapid weight loss, constipation, eating fewer meals per day, eating less fish, and low intakes of the nutrients folate, magnesium, calcium, and vitamin C.<ref>{{cite journal |author=R.M. Ortega |coauthors=M. Fernandez-Azuela, A. Encinas-Sotillos, P. Andres, and A. M. Lopez-Sobaler |year=1997 |month=February |title=Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume= 16 |pages=88-95 |accessdate= 2007-08-25}}</ref> On the other hand, wine and whole grain bread may decrease the risk of gallstones.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1995 |month=June |title=. |journal=European Journal Gastroenterology & Hepatology |volume=6 |pages=585-593 |accessdate= 2007-08-25}}</ref>
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| === Common Causes === | | === Common Causes === |
