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==Overview==
==Overview==
Lymphatic Filariasis is thought to have affected humans since approximately 1500-4000 years ago and the first documentation of symptoms occurred in the 16th century, when Jan Huygen Linschoten wrote about the disease during the exploration of Goa. Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde's study on patients with river blindness in Guatemala led to the discovery that the disease is caused by filaria of ''O. volvulus'', and sheds light on the [[life cycle]] and transmission of the parasite.
Jan Huygen Linschoten discovered filariasis in the 16th century after his trip to Goa. In the 19th century there were many discoveries regarding filariasis, the infective worms, and the [[arthropod]] vectors. In 1866, [[Microfilaria diurnal|microfilariae]] were detected in [[urine]] and [[blood]]. Ten years later in 1876, Joseph Bancroft discovered the adult worm which is responsible for the [[infection]] and named it as "[[Wuchereria bancrofti]]". More discoveries and description of the life cycles of the worms were made in the 1900s.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Lymphatic Filariasis is thought to have affected humans since approximately 1500-4000 years ago, though an exact date for its origin is unknown. The first clear reference to the disease occurs in ancient Greek literature, where scholars discuss diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis vs. diagnosis of similar symptoms that can result from [[leprosy]].
* In the 16th century, Jan Huygen Linschoten discovered filariasis during his trip to Goa. After that, more reports of the disease came out from Asia and Africa.<ref name="pmid21803313">{{cite journal| author=Chandy A, Thakur AS, Singh MP, Manigauha A| title=A review of neglected tropical diseases: filariasis. | journal=Asian Pac J Trop Med | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 7 | pages= 581-6 | pmid=21803313 | doi=10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60150-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21803313  }}</ref>
* In 1866, Timothy Lewis continued what Jean-Nicolas Demarquay and Otto Henry Wucherer started 3 years before him when they detected microfilariae in [[hydrocele]]. Timothy made a connection between these microfilariae and the [[elephantiasis]] when he discovered the presence of the microfilariae in the [[blood]] and [[urine]].
* In 1876, Joseph Bancroft discovered the adult round worm which is responsible for filariasis and was named [[Wuchereria bancrofti|Wuchereria bancrofti]] .  
* In 1877, Patricj Manson described the life cycle of the [[Arthropod|arthropod vector]] causing the disease when he discovered the microfilariae in the mosquitoes. It was also the discovery of arthropod to be the vector.
* In 1900, George Carmichael described how the disease is transmitted when he discovered the presence of the worm in the mosquito vector.
* In 1915. Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde conducted a study on patients with [[river blindness]] in Guatemala which led to the discovery of [[Onchocerca volvulus|O. volvulus]] as the filaria causing the disease.


The first documentation of symptoms occurred in the 16th century, when Jan Huygen Linschoten wrote about the disease during the exploration of Goa. Soon after, exploration of other parts of Asia and Africa turned up further reports of disease symptoms. It was not until centuries later than an understanding of the disease began to develop.
In 1866, Timothy Lewis, building on the work of Jean-Nicolas Demarquay and Otto Henry Wucherer, made the connection between microfilariae and elephantiasis, establishing the course of research that would ultimately explain the disease. Not long after, in 1876, Joseph Bancroft discovered the adult form of the worm, and finally in 1877 the life cycle involving an arthropod vector was theorized by Patrick Manson, who proceeded to demonstrate the presence of the worms in mosquitoes. Manson incorrectly hypothesized that the disease was transmitted through skin contact with water in which the mosquitoes had laid eggs. In 1900, George Carmichael Low determined the actual transmission method by discovering the presence of the worm in the proboscis of the mosquito vector.<ref name="titleLymphatic Filariasis Discovery">{{cite we|url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Lymphatic_filariasis/Discovery.htm|title=Lymphatic Filariasis Discovery |accessdate=2008-01-17 |format= |work=}}</ref>
In 1915, Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde's study on patients with river blindness in Guatemala led to the discovery that the disease is caused by filaria of ''O. volvulus'', and sheds light on the life cycle and transmission of the parasite.<ref>Marty AM, Duke BOL, Neafie RC. Onchocerciasis in Meyers, W., Neafie, RC; Marty AM; Wear DJ. Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Volume 1 Helminths, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, ISBN 1-88101041-65-4, 2000 p. 287 - 306 (17)</ref>Using case studies of coffee plantation workers in Guatemala, Robles hypothesized the vector of the disease is a day-biting [[insect]], and more specifically, two anthropophilic species of [[Simulium]] flies found to be [[endemic]] to the areas. He published his findings on a new disease from Guatemala associated with[[subcutaneous]] nodules, [[anterior]] ocular ([[eye]]) lesions, [[dermatitis]], and microfilariae in 1917.<ref>ROBLES R. Enfermedad nueva en Guatemala. La Juventud Médica 1917; 17: 97-115.</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 21:45, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]

Overview

Jan Huygen Linschoten discovered filariasis in the 16th century after his trip to Goa. In the 19th century there were many discoveries regarding filariasis, the infective worms, and the arthropod vectors. In 1866, microfilariae were detected in urine and blood. Ten years later in 1876, Joseph Bancroft discovered the adult worm which is responsible for the infection and named it as "Wuchereria bancrofti". More discoveries and description of the life cycles of the worms were made in the 1900s.

Historical Perspective

  • In the 16th century, Jan Huygen Linschoten discovered filariasis during his trip to Goa. After that, more reports of the disease came out from Asia and Africa.[1]
  • In 1866, Timothy Lewis continued what Jean-Nicolas Demarquay and Otto Henry Wucherer started 3 years before him when they detected microfilariae in hydrocele. Timothy made a connection between these microfilariae and the elephantiasis when he discovered the presence of the microfilariae in the blood and urine.
  • In 1876, Joseph Bancroft discovered the adult round worm which is responsible for filariasis and was named Wuchereria bancrofti .
  • In 1877, Patricj Manson described the life cycle of the arthropod vector causing the disease when he discovered the microfilariae in the mosquitoes. It was also the discovery of arthropod to be the vector.
  • In 1900, George Carmichael described how the disease is transmitted when he discovered the presence of the worm in the mosquito vector.
  • In 1915. Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde conducted a study on patients with river blindness in Guatemala which led to the discovery of O. volvulus as the filaria causing the disease.

References

  1. Chandy A, Thakur AS, Singh MP, Manigauha A (2011). "A review of neglected tropical diseases: filariasis". Asian Pac J Trop Med. 4 (7): 581–6. doi:10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60150-8. PMID 21803313.