Filariasis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Filariasis}} | {{Filariasis}} | ||
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{AEL}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AEL}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Lymphatic filariasis is widely distributed all over the world and affects as many as 120 million | Lymphatic filariasis is widely distributed all over the world and affects as many as 120 million individuals worldwide. It is also responsible for disability in about 40 million patients. It affects children and the probability of [[infection]] increases with age. The causative [[Worm|worms]] are found predominantly in tropical areas. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
*Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people and it has been the leading | *Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people and it has been the leading cause of disability among filariasis patients.<ref name="pmid25243263">{{cite journal| author=| title=Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2013. | journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec | year= 2014 | volume= 89 | issue= 38 | pages= 409-18 | pmid=25243263 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25243263 }} </ref> | ||
*It has been reported that billion people are at risk of being infected with the disease.<ref name="pmid11555425">{{cite journal| author=Witt C, Ottesen EA| title=Lymphatic filariasis: an infection of childhood. | journal=Trop Med Int Health | year= 2001 | volume= 6 | issue= 8 | pages= 582-606 | pmid=11555425 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11555425 }} </ref> | *It has been reported that 1 billion people are at risk of being infected with the disease.<ref name="pmid11555425">{{cite journal| author=Witt C, Ottesen EA| title=Lymphatic filariasis: an infection of childhood. | journal=Trop Med Int Health | year= 2001 | volume= 6 | issue= 8 | pages= 582-606 | pmid=11555425 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11555425 }} </ref> | ||
*Filariasis causes disability in 40 | |||
=== Case fatality rate === | |||
*Filariasis causes disability in 40% of the patients affected.<ref name="pmid21887884">{{cite journal| author=| title=Global Programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report on mass drug administration, 2010. | journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 35 | pages= 377-88 | pmid=21887884 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21887884 }} </ref> | |||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
*Filariasis commonly affects children | *Filariasis commonly affects children. | ||
*It affects children before age of 5 | *It affects children before age of 5 but they remain asymptomatic and the symptoms appear after the puberty.<ref name="pmid11555425">{{cite journal| author=Witt C, Ottesen EA| title=Lymphatic filariasis: an infection of childhood. | journal=Trop Med Int Health | year= 2001 | volume= 6 | issue= 8 | pages= 582-606 | pmid=11555425 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11555425 }} </ref> | ||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
| Line 26: | Line 27: | ||
===Geographic Distribution=== | ===Geographic Distribution=== | ||
*Distribution of the different nematodes causing [[lymphatic filariasis]] as the following: | *Distribution of the different nematodes causing [[lymphatic filariasis]] as the following: | ||
**[[Wuchereria bancrofti]] is encountered in tropical areas worldwide | **[[Wuchereria bancrofti]] is encountered in tropical areas worldwide. | ||
**[[Brugia malayi]] is limited to Asia | **[[Brugia malayi]] is limited to Asia. | ||
**[[Brugia timori]] is restricted to some islands of Indonesia. | **[[Brugia timori]] is restricted to some islands of Indonesia. | ||
**[[Onchocerca volvulus]], which causes [[river blindness]], occurs mainly in Africa with additional foci in Latin America and the Middle East. | **[[Onchocerca volvulus]], which causes [[river blindness]], occurs mainly in Africa with additional foci in Latin America and the Middle East. | ||
**[[Loa loa]] and [[Mansonella streptocerca]] are found in Africa. | **[[Loa loa]] and [[Mansonella streptocerca]] are found in Africa. | ||
**[[Mansonella perstans]] occurs in both Africa and South America | **[[Mansonella perstans]] occurs in both Africa and South America. | ||
**[[Mansonella ozzardi]] occurs only in the Americas, from Mexico south to South America and in the Caribbean. | **[[Mansonella ozzardi]] occurs only in the Americas, from Mexico south to South America and in the Caribbean. | ||
*In endemic areas of the world (e.g., Malaipea in Indonesia), up to 54% of the population may have microfilariae in their blood.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aupali T, Ismid IS, Wibowo H, ''et al.'' | title=Estimation of the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis by a pool screen PCR assay using blood spots collected on filter paper | journal=Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year=2006 | volume=100 | issue=8 | pages=753–9 }}</ref> In the Americas, only four countries are currently known to be endemic: Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Guyana and Brazil. | *In endemic areas of the world (e.g., Malaipea in Indonesia), up to 54% of the population may have microfilariae in their blood.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aupali T, Ismid IS, Wibowo H, ''et al.'' | title=Estimation of the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis by a pool screen PCR assay using blood spots collected on filter paper | journal=Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year=2006 | volume=100 | issue=8 | pages=753–9 }}</ref> In the Americas, only four countries are currently known to be endemic: Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Guyana and Brazil. | ||
[[Image: Filariasis ep..png|750 px|left]] | [[Image: Filariasis ep..png|750 px|left|thumb| | ||
Source: http://www.who.int/en/]] | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
Lymphatic filariasis is widely distributed all over the world and affects as many as 120 million individuals worldwide. It is also responsible for disability in about 40 million patients. It affects children and the probability of infection increases with age. The causative worms are found predominantly in tropical areas.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
- Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people and it has been the leading cause of disability among filariasis patients.[1]
- It has been reported that 1 billion people are at risk of being infected with the disease.[2]
Case fatality rate
- Filariasis causes disability in 40% of the patients affected.[3]
Age
- Filariasis commonly affects children.
- It affects children before age of 5 but they remain asymptomatic and the symptoms appear after the puberty.[2]
Gender
- Men and women are affected equally by filariasis.
Race
- There is no racial predilection for filariasis.
Geographic Distribution
- Distribution of the different nematodes causing lymphatic filariasis as the following:
- Wuchereria bancrofti is encountered in tropical areas worldwide.
- Brugia malayi is limited to Asia.
- Brugia timori is restricted to some islands of Indonesia.
- Onchocerca volvulus, which causes river blindness, occurs mainly in Africa with additional foci in Latin America and the Middle East.
- Loa loa and Mansonella streptocerca are found in Africa.
- Mansonella perstans occurs in both Africa and South America.
- Mansonella ozzardi occurs only in the Americas, from Mexico south to South America and in the Caribbean.
- In endemic areas of the world (e.g., Malaipea in Indonesia), up to 54% of the population may have microfilariae in their blood.[4] In the Americas, only four countries are currently known to be endemic: Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Guyana and Brazil.
References
- ↑ "Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2013". Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 89 (38): 409–18. 2014. PMID 25243263.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Witt C, Ottesen EA (2001). "Lymphatic filariasis: an infection of childhood". Trop Med Int Health. 6 (8): 582–606. PMID 11555425.
- ↑ "Global Programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report on mass drug administration, 2010". Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 86 (35): 377–88. 2011. PMID 21887884.
- ↑ Aupali T, Ismid IS, Wibowo H; et al. (2006). "Estimation of the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis by a pool screen PCR assay using blood spots collected on filter paper". Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 100 (8): 753&ndash, 9.