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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Simrat}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Simrat}} |
| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Common causes of oral fibroma include trauma or chronic irritation. There are no established causes for [[chondromyxoid fibroma]], [[non-ossifying fibroma]], [[cemento-ossifying fibroma]], and [[ossifying fibroma]].<ref name="pmid9831204">{{cite journal| author=Granter SR, Renshaw AA, Kozakewich HP, Fletcher JA| title=The pericentromeric inversion, inv (6)(p25q13), is a novel diagnostic marker in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 1998 | volume= 11 | issue= 11 | pages= 1071-4 | pmid=9831204 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9831204 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19648885">{{cite journal| author=Yasuda T, Nishio J, Sumegi J, Kapels KM, Althof PA, Sawyer JR et al.| title=Aberrations of 6q13 mapped to the COL12A1 locus in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 11 | pages= 1499-506 | pmid=19648885 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2009.101 | pmc=PMC2784180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19648885 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24658000">{{cite journal| author=Nord KH, Lilljebjörn H, Vezzi F, Nilsson J, Magnusson L, Tayebwa J et al.| title=GRM1 is upregulated through gene fusion and promoter swapping in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Nat Genet | year= 2014 | volume= 46 | issue= 5 | pages= 474-7 | pmid=24658000 | doi=10.1038/ng.2927 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24658000 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23008139">{{cite journal| author=Bowers LM, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Pettigrew JC, Stavropoulos MF| title=The non-ossifying fibroma: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Head Neck Pathol | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 203-10 | pmid=23008139 | doi=10.1007/s12105-012-0399-7 | pmc=PMC3642261 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23008139 }} </ref> | | Common causes of oral fibroma include trauma or chronic irritation. There are no established causes for [[chondromyxoid fibroma]], [[non-ossifying fibroma]], [[cemento-ossifying fibroma]], and [[ossifying fibroma]]. |
| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
| ===Chondromyxoid Fibroma===
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| There are no established causes for chondromyxoid fibroma. However, scientists have noted an association of chondromyxoid fibroma with certain chromosomal abnormalities. [[Chondromyxoid fibroma]] may be caused by a clonal rearrangement of chromosome 6. The oncogene activation resulting from this clonal rearrangement is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of chondromyxoid fibroma. Scientists have found that the glutamate receptor gene ''GRM1'' recombines with several partner genes through promoter swapping and gene fusion. The subjects with chondromyxoid fibroma also showed increases in ''GRM1'' gene expression levels.<ref name="pmid9831204">{{cite journal| author=Granter SR, Renshaw AA, Kozakewich HP, Fletcher JA| title=The pericentromeric inversion, inv (6)(p25q13), is a novel diagnostic marker in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 1998 | volume= 11 | issue= 11 | pages= 1071-4 | pmid=9831204 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9831204 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19648885">{{cite journal| author=Yasuda T, Nishio J, Sumegi J, Kapels KM, Althof PA, Sawyer JR et al.| title=Aberrations of 6q13 mapped to the COL12A1 locus in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 11 | pages= 1499-506 | pmid=19648885 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2009.101 | pmc=PMC2784180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19648885 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24658000">{{cite journal| author=Nord KH, Lilljebjörn H, Vezzi F, Nilsson J, Magnusson L, Tayebwa J et al.| title=GRM1 is upregulated through gene fusion and promoter swapping in chondromyxoid fibroma. | journal=Nat Genet | year= 2014 | volume= 46 | issue= 5 | pages= 474-7 | pmid=24658000 | doi=10.1038/ng.2927 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24658000 }} </ref>
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| ===Oral Fibroma===
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| The oral fibroma is a common oral lesion that arises due to trauma or chronic irritation. The fibroma is considered to be a reactive lesion. Oral fibroma represents a response of connective tissue cells to chronic irritation. When trauma occurs, the tissues of the oral cavity react and an irrepressible repair process is seen.
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| As a result, an overabundance of fibrous connective tissue is produced and the formation of a nodule or mass.
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| ==Non-ossifying Fibroma==
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| The cause of [[non-ossifying fibroma]] has not been identified. However, there are reports of non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) in the long bones with clonal rearrangements in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 11, and 14. These clonal chromosomal changes may suggest genetic events associated with tumorigenesis in the reported NOFs. However, no studies have reported clonal rearrangements in NOF of the mandible.<ref name="pmid23008139">{{cite journal| author=Bowers LM, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Pettigrew JC, Stavropoulos MF| title=The non-ossifying fibroma: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Head Neck Pathol | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 203-10 | pmid=23008139 | doi=10.1007/s12105-012-0399-7 | pmc=PMC3642261 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23008139 }} </ref>
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| ===Cemento-ossifying Fibroma===
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| There are no established causes for [[cemento-ossifying fibroma]]. However, there have been reports of past trauma in the area of the lesion.<ref name="Silvestre-RangilSilvestre2011">{{cite journal|last1=Silvestre-Rangil|first1=J.|last2=Silvestre|first2=FJ.|last3=Requeni-Bernal|first3=J.|title=Cemento-ossifying fibroma of the mandible: Presentation of a case and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry|year=2011|pages=e66–e69|issn=19895488|doi=10.4317/jced.3.e66}}</ref>
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| ===Ossifying-fibroma===
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| There are no established causes for ossifying fibroma.
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| ==Ovarian Fibroma==
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| There are no established causes for [[ovarian fibroma]]. However, there are several factors that are associated with fibroid growth. These factors include the following:
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| *Obesity
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| *[[Tamoxifen therapy]] has been associated with an increase in persistent ovarian cysts.
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| *Early menarche.
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| *Infertility
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| *Nulliparity
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| *African race
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| *The natural production of estrogen in the body has also been known to be a stimulant of fibroid growth.
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| ===Uterine Fibroma===
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| There are no established causes for uterine fibroma. However, there are several factors that are associated with uterine fibromas. The factors that are associated with fibromas include the following:
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| *Genetic changes
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| **Evidence suggest that fibroids run in families and that identical twins are more likely to both have fibroids than nonidentical twins.
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| *Hormones
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| **[[Estrogen]] and [[progesterone]] appear to promote the growth of fibroids. Fibroids contain more estrogen and progesterone receptors than normal uterine muscle cells do. Fibroids tend to shrink after menopause due to a decrease in hormone production.
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| *Other growth factors
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| **Substances that help the body maintain tissues, such as insulin-like growth factor, may affect fibroid growth.
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| ** | | ** |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
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| *African race | | *African race |
| *Estrogen | | *Estrogen |
| | |- |
| | |Non-ossifying Fibroma |
| | |Clonal rearrangements in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 11, and 14 |
| |- | | |- |
| |Uterine Fibroma | | |Uterine Fibroma |
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| Insulin-like growth factor | | Insulin-like growth factor |
| |- | | |- |
| |Non-ossifying Fibroma | | |Oral Fibroma |
| |Clonal rearrangements in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 11, and 14 | | |Trauma or chronic irritation |
| | |- |
| | |Chondromyxoid Fibroma |
| | |Clonal rearrangement of chromosome 6 |
| |} | | |} |
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