Erythroleukemia: Difference between revisions
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* Dysplastic PAS positive erythroblasts with overexpression of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene product P-glycoprotein | * Dysplastic PAS positive erythroblasts with overexpression of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene product P-glycoprotein | ||
* High freqiency of mutations, especially of TP53<ref name="pmid23648669">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grossmann V, Bacher U, Haferlach C, Schnittger S, Pötzinger F, Weissmann S, Roller A, Eder C, Fasan A, Zenger M, Staller M, Kern W, Kohlmann A, Haferlach T |title=Acute erythroid leukemia (AEL) can be separated into distinct prognostic subsets based on cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics |journal=Leukemia |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1940–3 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23648669 |doi=10.1038/leu.2013.144 |url=}}</ref> | * High freqiency of mutations, especially of TP53<ref name="pmid23648669">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grossmann V, Bacher U, Haferlach C, Schnittger S, Pötzinger F, Weissmann S, Roller A, Eder C, Fasan A, Zenger M, Staller M, Kern W, Kohlmann A, Haferlach T |title=Acute erythroid leukemia (AEL) can be separated into distinct prognostic subsets based on cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics |journal=Leukemia |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1940–3 |date=September 2013 |pmid=23648669 |doi=10.1038/leu.2013.144 |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Electrocardiogram=== | ===Electrocardiogram=== | ||
Electrocardiogram is useful for assessment of QT interval prior to starting chemptherapy. It is also useful for assessing arrhythmias induced by anthracycline chemotherapy. <ref name="pmid25616318">{{cite journal| author=Hefti E, Blanco JG| title=Anthracycline-Related Cardiotoxicity in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Down Syndrome: A Literature Review. | journal=Cardiovasc Toxicol | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 5-13 | pmid=25616318 | doi=10.1007/s12012-015-9307-1 | pmc=4514565 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25616318 }}</ref>For more information, click [[Acute myeloid leukemia electrocardiogram|here]]. | |||
===X-ray=== | ===X-ray=== | ||
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of Erythroleukemia management which include infection, volume overload. Chest x-ray is also useful for venous catheter placement for chemotherapy. | |||
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of | |||
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound=== | ===Echocardiography or Ultrasound=== | ||
An echocardiogram is helpful for assessing cardiac function ( ejection fraction) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia before and after receiving anthracycline chemotherapy. <ref name="pmid24947931">{{cite journal |vauthors=Armenian SH, Gelehrter SK, Vase T, Venkatramani R, Landier W, Wilson KD, Herrera C, Reichman L, Menteer JD, Mascarenhas L, Freyer DR, Venkataraman K, Bhatia S |title=Screening for cardiac dysfunction in anthracycline-exposed childhood cancer survivors |journal=Clin. Cancer Res. |volume=20 |issue=24 |pages=6314–23 |date=December 2014 |pmid=24947931 |pmc=4268342 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-3490 |url=}}</ref> | |||
An ultrasound is useful for diagnosis of lower extremity thrombosis, which commonly occurs in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.<ref name="pmid20124617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oehadian A, Iqbal M, Sumantri R |title=Deep vein thrombosis in acute myelogenous leukemia |journal=Acta Med Indones |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=200–4 |date=October 2009 |pmid=20124617 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
===CT scan=== | ===CT scan=== | ||
Abdominal and chest CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Findings on CT scan suggestive of of acute myeloid leukemia include lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and pulmonary embolism because of deep venous thrombosis. <ref name="pmid27642861">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vallipuram J, Dhalla S, Bell CM, Dresser L, Han H, Husain S, Minden MD, Paul NS, So M, Steinberg M, Vallipuram M, Wong G, Morris AM |title=Chest CT scans are frequently abnormal in asymptomatic patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia |journal=Leuk. Lymphoma |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=834–841 |date=April 2017 |pmid=27642861 |doi=10.1080/10428194.2016.1213825 |url=}}</ref> | |||
Non contrast brain CT scan is useful to rule out CNS bleed.<ref name="pmid22931433">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen CY, Tai CH, Cheng A, Wu HC, Tsay W, Liu JH, Chen PY, Huang SY, Yao M, Tang JL, Tien HF |title=Intracranial hemorrhage in adult patients with hematological malignancies |journal=BMC Med |volume=10 |issue= |pages=97 |date=August 2012 |pmid=22931433 |pmc=3482556 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-10-97 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===MRI=== | ===MRI=== | ||
Brain MRI is helpful in the diagnosis of CNS bleeding in acute myeloid leukemia. <ref name="pmid26239467">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cervantes GM, Cayci Z |title=Intracranial CNS Manifestations of Myeloid Sarcoma in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Review of the Literature and Three Case Reports from the Author's Institution |journal=J Clin Med |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=1102–12 |date=May 2015 |pmid=26239467 |pmc=4470219 |doi=10.3390/jcm4051102 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Other Imaging Findings=== | ===Other Imaging Findings=== | ||
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* Allo-SCT ( Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation)<ref name="pmid284201202" /> | * Allo-SCT ( Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation)<ref name="pmid284201202" /> | ||
. | |||
===Primary Prevention=== | ===Primary Prevention=== | ||
Revision as of 00:23, 28 November 2018
Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Synonyms and keywords:Pure erythroid leukemia, FAB ( French-American-British) M6, acute erythroid leukemia, Di Guglielmo’s disease
Overview
Historical Perspective
Erythroleukemia was first discovered by M. Copelli, in 1912.[1]
In 1917, Di Guglielmo, Italian hematologist, described leukemic nature of the erythroleukemia.
The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
The first known case of acute erythroid leukemia was described in 1912 by M. Copelli under the name erythromatosis. In 1917, Italian hematologist Giovanni Di Guglielmo (1886–1962), expanded on the description, coining the name "eritroleucemia" (Italian for erythroleukemia). Di Guglielmo was the first to recognize the leukemic nature of the condition, and it is sometimes referred to as Di Guglielmo's syndrome in recognition of his work.
Chris Squire, bassist from the progressive rock group Yes, died from complications related to acute erythroid leukemia on June 27, 2015
ure erythroid leukemia (FAB M6) — Pure erythroid leukemia (equivalent to FAB M6, acute erythroid leukemia, erythroleukemia, or Di Guglielmo’s disease) accounts for <5 percent of AML. The erythroblasts do not express markers of myeloid lineage and do not stain with MPO [22]. They may express CD117 and do react with antibodies to hemoglobin A and glycophorin. In prior versions of the WHO classification system, two types of this leukemia were recognized, the erythroid/myeloid type and the "pure" type [39], and a diagnosis of AML, erythroid/myeloidcould be made if erythroid precursors accounted for more than 50 percent of the cells in the bone marrow and the blasts accounted for 20 percent or more of the non-erythroid cells. In the 2016 revision of the WHO classification, a diagnosis of acute leukemia requires blasts to account for 20 percent or more of the bone marrow cellularity irrespective of the number of erythroid precursors. Entities with less than 20 percent blasts have been reclassified as other forms of AML or MDS [3].
A diagnosis of pure erythroid leukemia is made in patients without exposure to cytotoxic agents and without AML-associated recurrent genetic abnormalities in whom erythroblasts account for >80 percent of the marrow cells. The erythroblasts are primarily at the pronormoblast stage and may have vacuolization in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. This has been referred to as a "pearl necklace," and should not be confused with the vacuolated cells seen in Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma.
The "erythroid/myeloid type" was previously defined as those with erythroid precursors accounting for >50 percent of the nucleated marrow elements and myeloblasts accounting for >20 percent of the nonerythroid forms (picture 14). Evaluation of myeloblasts in such cases now considers the percentage of total nucleated cells and does not limit the percentage to nonerythroid forms. These cases are classified as MDS or as a non-erythroid subtype of AML, not otherwise specified depending upon the percentage of myeloblasts, identification of cytogenetic abnormalities, and the presence of dysplasia.
Classification
Erythroleukemia accounts for <5 percent of AML( acute myeloid leukemia). Erythroleukemia may be classified according to previous version WHO into 2 subtypes : The erythroid/myeloid type and the pure type.
Diagnosis of erythroid/myeloid type, base on previous version WHO:
- Erythroid precursors more than 50 percent of the cells in bone marrow and,
- The blasts compromise 20 percent or more of the non-erythroid cells
2016 version of WHO calcification for AML (erythroid/myeloid type) :
- 20 percent or more blasts in bone marrow irrespective of the number of erythroid precursors
Diagnosis of pure erythroid leukemia:
- Erythroblasts ( at the stage of pronormoblast >80 percent of the marrow cells in patients without exposure to cytotoxic agent and without AML genetic abnormalities. Erythroblasts may have vacuolization in the cytoplasm arrounding the nucleus ( pearl necklace).
OR
Erythroleukemia may be classified into 2 groups. De novo cases of erythroleukemia and secondary Erythroleukemia. De novo cases are not associated with any risk factors. The most common predisposing factors in secondary acute erythroleukemia are as follows:based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
OR
Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
OR
If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
OR
The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
OR
There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
Pathophysiology
Erythroleukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of myeloid and erythroid precursors of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. Erythroleukemia is accounting for 3–5% of all AML cases.[2] A pure erythroid proliferation on rare occasion may occur. The erythroblasts do not stain with MPO ( myeloperoxidase). Markers of myeloid lineage can not be expressed on the erythroblasts.
Gross pathology:
Microscopic examanination:
Erythroblasts may have vacuolization in the cytoplasm arrounding the nucleus ( pearl necklace).
Immunohistochemistry
and should not be confused with the vacuolated cells seen in Burkitt leukemia/lymphoma.
The "erythroid/myeloid type" was previously defined as those with erythroid precursors accounting for >50 percent of the nucleated marrow elements and myeloblasts accounting for >20 percent of the nonerythroid forms (picture 14). Evaluation of myeloblasts in such cases now considers the percentage of total nucleated cells and does not limit the percentage to nonerythroid forms. These cases are classified as MDS or as a non-erythroid subtype of AML, not otherwise specified depending upon the percentage of myeloblasts, identification of cytogenetic abnormalities, and the presence of dysplasia.
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Causes
Erythroleukemia may be caused by translocation t(1;16) generating the fusion gene NFIA/CBFA2T3. [3]
OR
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
OR
The most common cause of secondary is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.
Differentiating ((Page name)) from Other Diseases
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence of erythroleukemia is approximately 0.077 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. [4]
Erythroleukemia commonly affects individuals older than 50 years of age with a median age of 65. [5]
There is no racial predilection to Erythroleukemia.
Men are slightlly more affected by Erythroleukemia than women.
Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for de novo cases of erythroleukemia.
The most potent risk factor in the development of secondary Erythroleukemia is previous MDS ( myelodysplastic syndrome). [6]
Other risk factors include:
- Ionizing radiation such as Thorium dioxide suspension (Thorotrast)
- Previous use of chemotherapy drugs such as alkylating agents
- Famillial erythroleukemia, autosomal dominant disorder
myelodysplastic syndrome( Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
OR
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
OR
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
OR
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
OR
Prognosis is generally poor. 3-9 months after initial diagnosis is medican survival range. [7] A high proerythroblast/myeloblast ratio correlates with worse outcome.[8]
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
OR
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
History and Symptoms
- Fatigue
- Malaise
- Fatigue
- Malaise
- Bone pain
- Abdominal pain
- Weight loss
- Easy bruising
- Fever
- Dyspnea
Less common symptoms of Erythroleukemia include diffuse joint pain
Physical Examination
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
Laboratory Findings
- Pancytopenia[9]
- Few peripheral blood blasts[10]
- Dysplasia in bone marrow and peripheral blood
- Dysplastic PAS positive erythroblasts with overexpression of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene product P-glycoprotein
- High freqiency of mutations, especially of TP53[11]
Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram is useful for assessment of QT interval prior to starting chemptherapy. It is also useful for assessing arrhythmias induced by anthracycline chemotherapy. [12]For more information, click here.
X-ray
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of Erythroleukemia management which include infection, volume overload. Chest x-ray is also useful for venous catheter placement for chemotherapy.
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
An echocardiogram is helpful for assessing cardiac function ( ejection fraction) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia before and after receiving anthracycline chemotherapy. [13]
An ultrasound is useful for diagnosis of lower extremity thrombosis, which commonly occurs in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.[14]
CT scan
Abdominal and chest CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Findings on CT scan suggestive of of acute myeloid leukemia include lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and pulmonary embolism because of deep venous thrombosis. [15]
Non contrast brain CT scan is useful to rule out CNS bleed.[16]
MRI
Brain MRI is helpful in the diagnosis of CNS bleeding in acute myeloid leukemia. [17]
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
OR
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with Erythroleukemia who are not candidate for intensive chemotherapy or allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. [18]
Pharmacologic medical therapies for Erythroleukemia include hyypomethylating agents ( HMA) such as:[19]
- Azacitidine
- Decitabine
For more information about acute myeloid leukemia medical therapy, click here.
Surgery
- Allo-SCT ( Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation)[18]
.
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of Erythroleukemia.
Secondary Prevention
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of Erythroleukemia include maintenance of remission treatment posttransplant.[20]
References
- ↑ Santos FP, Bueso-Ramos CE, Ravandi F (December 2010). "Acute erythroleukemia: diagnosis and management". Expert Rev Hematol. 3 (6): 705–18. doi:10.1586/ehm.10.62. PMID 21091147.
- ↑ Santos FP, Bueso-Ramos CE, Ravandi F (December 2010). "Acute erythroleukemia: diagnosis and management". Expert Rev Hematol. 3 (6): 705–18. doi:10.1586/ehm.10.62. PMID 21091147.
- ↑ Micci F, Thorsen J, Panagopoulos I, Nyquist KB, Zeller B, Tierens A, Heim S (April 2013). "High-throughput sequencing identifies an NFIA/CBFA2T3 fusion gene in acute erythroid leukemia with t(1;16)(p31;q24)". Leukemia. 27 (4): 980–2. doi:10.1038/leu.2012.266. PMC 3626019. PMID 23032695.
- ↑ Wells AW, Bown N, Reid MM, Hamilton PJ, Jackson GH, Taylor PR (August 2001). "Erythroleukaemia in the north of England: a population based study". J. Clin. Pathol. 54 (8): 608–12. PMC 1731487. PMID 11477115.
- ↑ Santos FP, Bueso-Ramos CE, Ravandi F (December 2010). "Acute erythroleukemia: diagnosis and management". Expert Rev Hematol. 3 (6): 705–18. doi:10.1586/ehm.10.62. PMID 21091147.
- ↑ Atkinson J, Hrisinko MA, Weil SC (December 1992). "Erythroleukemia: a review of 15 cases meeting 1985 FAB criteria and survey of the literature". Blood Rev. 6 (4): 204–14. PMID 1486289.
- ↑ Almeida AM, Prebet T, Itzykson R, Ramos F, Al-Ali H, Shammo J, Pinto R, Maurillo L, Wetzel J, Musto P, Van De Loosdrecht AA, Costa MJ, Esteves S, Burgstaller S, Stauder R, Autzinger EM, Lang A, Krippl P, Geissler D, Falantes JF, Pedro C, Bargay J, Deben G, Garrido A, Bonanad S, Diez-Campelo M, Thepot S, Ades L, Sperr WR, Valent P, Fenaux P, Sekeres MA, Greil R, Pleyer L (April 2017). "Clinical Outcomes of 217 Patients with Acute Erythroleukemia According to Treatment Type and Line: A Retrospective Multinational Study". Int J Mol Sci. 18 (4). doi:10.3390/ijms18040837. PMC 5412421. PMID 28420120.
- ↑ Srinivas U, Kumar R, Pati H, Saxena R, Tyagi S (October 2007). "Sub classification and clinico-hematological correlation of 40 cases of acute erythroleukemia - can proerythroblast/myeloblast and proerythroblast/total erythroid cell ratios help subclassify?". Hematology. 12 (5): 381–5. doi:10.1080/10245330701393816. PMID 17852448.
- ↑ Peng J, Hasserjian RP, Tang G, Patel KP, Goswami M, Jabbour EJ, Garcia-Manero G, Medeiros LJ, Wang SA (2016). "Myelodysplastic syndromes following therapy with hypomethylating agents (HMAs): development of acute erythroleukemia may not influence assessment of treatment response". Leuk. Lymphoma. 57 (4): 812–9. doi:10.3109/10428194.2015.1079318. PMID 26293512.
- ↑ Lessard M, Struski S, Leymarie V, Flandrin G, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Mozziconacci MJ, Talmant P, Bastard C, Charrin C, Baranger L, Hélias C, Cornillet-Lefebvre P, Mugneret F, Cabrol C, Pagès MP, Fert-Ferret D, Nguyen-Khac F, Quilichini B, Barin C, Berger R (December 2005). "Cytogenetic study of 75 erythroleukemias". Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 163 (2): 113–22. doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.05.006. PMID 16337853.
- ↑ Grossmann V, Bacher U, Haferlach C, Schnittger S, Pötzinger F, Weissmann S, Roller A, Eder C, Fasan A, Zenger M, Staller M, Kern W, Kohlmann A, Haferlach T (September 2013). "Acute erythroid leukemia (AEL) can be separated into distinct prognostic subsets based on cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics". Leukemia. 27 (9): 1940–3. doi:10.1038/leu.2013.144. PMID 23648669.
- ↑ Hefti E, Blanco JG (2016). "Anthracycline-Related Cardiotoxicity in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Down Syndrome: A Literature Review". Cardiovasc Toxicol. 16 (1): 5–13. doi:10.1007/s12012-015-9307-1. PMC 4514565. PMID 25616318.
- ↑ Armenian SH, Gelehrter SK, Vase T, Venkatramani R, Landier W, Wilson KD, Herrera C, Reichman L, Menteer JD, Mascarenhas L, Freyer DR, Venkataraman K, Bhatia S (December 2014). "Screening for cardiac dysfunction in anthracycline-exposed childhood cancer survivors". Clin. Cancer Res. 20 (24): 6314–23. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-3490. PMC 4268342. PMID 24947931.
- ↑ Oehadian A, Iqbal M, Sumantri R (October 2009). "Deep vein thrombosis in acute myelogenous leukemia". Acta Med Indones. 41 (4): 200–4. PMID 20124617.
- ↑ Vallipuram J, Dhalla S, Bell CM, Dresser L, Han H, Husain S, Minden MD, Paul NS, So M, Steinberg M, Vallipuram M, Wong G, Morris AM (April 2017). "Chest CT scans are frequently abnormal in asymptomatic patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia". Leuk. Lymphoma. 58 (4): 834–841. doi:10.1080/10428194.2016.1213825. PMID 27642861.
- ↑ Chen CY, Tai CH, Cheng A, Wu HC, Tsay W, Liu JH, Chen PY, Huang SY, Yao M, Tang JL, Tien HF (August 2012). "Intracranial hemorrhage in adult patients with hematological malignancies". BMC Med. 10: 97. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-97. PMC 3482556. PMID 22931433.
- ↑ Cervantes GM, Cayci Z (May 2015). "Intracranial CNS Manifestations of Myeloid Sarcoma in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Review of the Literature and Three Case Reports from the Author's Institution". J Clin Med. 4 (5): 1102–12. doi:10.3390/jcm4051102. PMC 4470219. PMID 26239467.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Almeida AM, Prebet T, Itzykson R, Ramos F, Al-Ali H, Shammo J, Pinto R, Maurillo L, Wetzel J, Musto P, Van De Loosdrecht AA, Costa MJ, Esteves S, Burgstaller S, Stauder R, Autzinger EM, Lang A, Krippl P, Geissler D, Falantes JF, Pedro C, Bargay J, Deben G, Garrido A, Bonanad S, Diez-Campelo M, Thepot S, Ades L, Sperr WR, Valent P, Fenaux P, Sekeres MA, Greil R, Pleyer L (April 2017). "Clinical Outcomes of 217 Patients with Acute Erythroleukemia According to Treatment Type and Line: A Retrospective Multinational Study". Int J Mol Sci. 18 (4). doi:10.3390/ijms18040837. PMC 5412421. PMID 28420120.
- ↑ Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellström-Lindberg E, Santini V, Gattermann N, Germing U, Sanz G, List AF, Gore S, Seymour JF, Dombret H, Backstrom J, Zimmerman L, McKenzie D, Beach CL, Silverman LR (February 2010). "Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia". J. Clin. Oncol. 28 (4): 562–9. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.23.8329. PMID 20026804.
- ↑ Oran B, de Lima M (November 2011). "Prevention and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 18 (6): 388–94. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e32834b6158. PMID 21897227.