Diabetes mellitus type 2 causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 11:38, 21 October 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Overview

The underlying cause of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. The exact cause of insulin resistance is not known, however several theories exist. There is often an interplay of multiple risk factors coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a genetically susceptible person, which results in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Central obesity, aging, sedentary life style, high glycemic diets and some medications are most commonly implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes.

Causes

The etiology of type 2 diabetes is multifactorial.^[1] There is often an interplay of multiple risk factors coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a genetically susceptible person, which results in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Numerous theories exist as to the exact cause and mechanism in type 2 diabetes.

Common Causes

Common causes of diabetes mellitus type 2 may include:^[2]^[3]

Insulin resistance
Central obesity
- Predispose individuals to insulin resistance
- Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called adipokines that may possibly impair glucose tolerance
- Obesity is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
- In the last decade, type 2 diabetes has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood obesity
Positive family history
- Diabetes mellitus type 2 is much more common in those with close relatives who have type 2 DM

Less Common Causes

Aging^[4]
- About 20% of elderly patients in North America have diabetes
Hemochromatosis
Chronic pancreatitis
Medications

References

↑ Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM (2017). "Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort". Eur. J. Intern. Med. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021. PMID 28679485.
↑ Eberhart, MS (November 19, 2004). "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 53 (45): 1066–1068. Retrieved 2007-03-11. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2004). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults with diagnosed diabetes--United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2002". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 53 (45): 1066–8. PMID 15549021.
↑ Jack, L., Jr., Boseman, L. & Vinicor, F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. Geriatrics 2004, 59, 14-17.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid28679485-1] Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM (2017). "Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort". Eur. J. Intern. Med. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021. PMID 28679485.

[2] Eberhart, MS (November 19, 2004). "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 53 (45): 1066–1068. Retrieved 2007-03-11. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

[pmid15549021-3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2004). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults with diagnosed diabetes--United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2002". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 53 (45): 1066–8. PMID 15549021.

[:0-4] Jack, L., Jr., Boseman, L. & Vinicor, F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. Geriatrics 2004, 59, 14-17.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Overview==
-The underlying cause of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is [[insulin resistance]]. The exact cause of [[insulin resistance]] is not known, however several [[Theory|theories]] exist. [[Central obesity]], [[Ageing|aging]], and [[Glycemic index|high glycemic]] diets are most commonly implicated in the development of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]].
+The underlying cause of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is [[insulin resistance]]. The exact cause of [[insulin resistance]] is not known, however several [[Theory|theories]] exist. There is often an interplay of multiple [[Risk factor|risk factors]] coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a [[Genetics|genetically]] susceptible person, which results in [[hyperglycemia]] and [[insulin resistance]]. [[Central obesity]], [[Ageing|aging]], sedentary life style, [[Glycemic index|high glycemic]] diets and some [[Medication|medications]] are most commonly implicated in the development of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]].
 == Causes ==
+*The etiology of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is multifactorial.<ref name="pmid28679485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM |title=Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28679485 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021 |url=}}</ref> There is often an interplay of multiple [[Risk factor|risk factors]] coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a [[Genetics|genetically]] susceptible person, which results in [[hyperglycemia]] and [[insulin resistance]]. Numerous [[Theory|theories]] exist as to the exact cause and mechanism in [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]].
-* The etiology of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is multifactorial.<ref name="pmid28679485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM |title=Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28679485 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021 |url=}}</ref> There is often an interplay of multiple [[Risk factor|risk factors]] coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a [[Genetics|genetically]] susceptible person, which results in [[hyperglycemia]] and [[insulin resistance]]. Numerous [[Theory|theories]] exist as to the exact cause and mechanism in [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]].
+===Common Causes===
-* [[Central obesity]] is known to predispose individuals to [[insulin resistance]]. Abdominal fat is especially active [[Hormone|hormonally]], secreting a group of [[Hormone|hormones]] called [[adipokine]]s that may possibly impair [[glucose]] tolerance. [[Obesity]] is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Eberhart | first = MS | coauthors = Ogden C, Engelgau M, Cadwell B, Hedley AA, Saydah SH | title = Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002 | journal = Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 53 | issue = 45 | pages = 1066-1068 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = November 19, 2004 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5345a2.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-11}}</ref>
+Common causes of [[diabetes mellitus type 2]] may include:<ref>{{cite journal | last = Eberhart | first = MS | coauthors = Ogden C, Engelgau M, Cadwell B, Hedley AA, Saydah SH | title = Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002 | journal = Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 53 | issue = 45 | pages = 1066-1068 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = November 19, 2004 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5345a2.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-11}}</ref><ref name="pmid15549021">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults with diagnosed diabetes--United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2002. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2004 | volume= 53 | issue= 45 | pages= 1066-8 | pmid=15549021 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15549021  }} </ref>
-* Other factors include [[Ageing|aging]] (about 20% of elderly patients in North America have [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]), and a positive [[family history]] ([[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2]] is much more common in those with close relatives who have [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 DM]]).<ref name=":0">Jack, L., Jr., Boseman, L. & Vinicor, F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. ''Geriatrics'' '''2004''', 59, 14-17.</ref>
+*[[Insulin resistance]]
-* In the last decade, [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood [[obesity]] seen in recent decades in some places.<ref>{{cite book
+*[[Central obesity]]
-| last =  Arlan Rosenbloom
+**Predispose individuals to [[insulin resistance]]
-| first = Janet H Silverstein
+**[[abdomen|Abdominal]] [[fat]] is especially active [[Hormone|hormonally]], [[secretion|secreting]] a group of [[Hormone|hormones]] called [[adipokine]]s that may possibly impair [[glucose]] tolerance
-| title = Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment
+**[[Obesity]] is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]
-| publisher = American Diabetes Association,U.S.
+**In the last decade, [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased [[prevalence]] of childhood [[obesity]]
-| date = 2003
+*Positive [[family history]]
-| pages = 1
+**[[Diabetes mellitus type 2]] is much more common in those with close relatives who have [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 DM]]
-| isbn = 978-1580401555
-}}</ref>
-* Based on some studies, besides factors like [[Ageing|aging]]<ref name=":0" /> and high-[[fat]] diets<ref>Lovejoy, J. C. The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance. ''Curr Diab Rep'' '''2002''', 2,435-440.</ref>, a less active lifestyle<ref>Hu, F. B. Sedentary lifestyle and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lipids 2003, 38,103-108.</ref> is also found to increase risk of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]].
-* The following [[Medication|medications]] may cause [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]:
+===Less Common Causes===
+*[[Ageing|Aging]]<ref name=":0">Jack, L., Jr., Boseman, L. & Vinicor, F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. ''Geriatrics'' '''2004''', 59, 14-17.</ref>
+**About 20% of elderly [[patient|patients]] in North America have [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]
+*[[Hemochromatosis]]
+*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
+*[[Medication|Medications]]
 **[[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]]
 **[[Dexamethasone]]