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__NOTOC__
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{{Choriocarcinoma}}
{{Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{MD}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{sab}}
The reported incidence in the United States is about 110 to 120 per 100,000 pregnancies. The reported incidence of choriocarcinoma, the most aggressive form of GTD, in the United States is about 2 to 7 per 100,000 pregnancies. The U.S. age-standardized (1960 World Population Standard) incidence rate of choriocarcinoma is about 0.18 per 100,000 women between the ages of 15 years and 49 years.
==Overveiw==
The reported [[incidence]] of choriocarcinoma in the United States is 2 to 7 per 100,000 [[Pregnancy|pregnancies]]. The U.S. age-standardized (1960 World Population Standard) [[incidence]] rate of choriocarcinoma is approximately 0.18/100,000 women between the ages of 15 - 49 years. The [[prevalence]] of choriocarcinoma in the United States is 0.075 - 0.01 per 100, 000. The [[prevalence]] rates from Southeast Asia are 1.5 - 2.5 times higher. The 5-year overall [[mortality rate]], after the exclusion of [[Placenta|placental]] site [[Trophoblast|trophoblastic]] [[Tumor|tumors]] and [[epithelioid]] [[Trophoblast|trophoblastic]] [[Tumor|tumors]], is 2%. High-risk [[Patient|patients]] have a 5-year [[mortality rate]] of 12%. [[Patient|Patients]] with an [[International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics|International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)]] score of ≥13 have a 5-year [[mortality rate]] of 38.4%. The [[incidence]] of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is higher in the extremes of [[Reproduction|reproductive]] ages. In Southasia, the [[incidence]] rates are double for Eurasians as compared to people of Chinese, Malaysian, or Indian origin. African Americans have a decreased [[incidence]] rate as compared to caucasians. The [[incidence]] is also higher in the Latin American population. Europe, North America, Australia, some areas of Latin America, and the Middle East have low [[incidence]] ratios.
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
* The reported [[incidence]] of choriocarcinoma in the United States is 2 - 7 cases per 100,000 individuals [[Pregnancy|pregnancies]].<ref name="abc">General Information About Gestational Trophoblastic Disease National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/gestational-trophoblastic/hp/gtd-treatment-pdq/#section/_1. Accessed on October7, 2015</ref>
* The U.S. age-standardized (1960 World Population Standard) [[incidence]] rate of choriocarcinoma is approximately 0.18 cases per 100,000 individual women between the ages of 15 - 49 years.<ref name="pmid14602247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Altieri A, Franceschi S, Ferlay J, Smith J, La Vecchia C |title=Epidemiology and aetiology of gestational trophoblastic diseases |journal=Lancet Oncol. |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=670–8 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14602247 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] in Europe ranges from 2 - 3 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="OlsenMellemkjaer1999">{{cite journal|last1=Olsen|first1=Jørgen H.|last2=Mellemkjaer|first2=Lene|last3=Gridley|first3=Gloria|last4=Brinton|first4=Louise|last5=Johansen|first5=Christoffer|last6=Kjaer|first6=Susanne Krüger|title=Molar pregnancy and risk for cancer in women and their male partners|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=181|issue=3|year=1999|pages=630–634|issn=00029378|doi=10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70504-1}}</ref><ref name="pmid1322822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flam F, Lundström-Lindstedt V, Rutqvist LE |title=Incidence of gestational trophoblastic disease in Stockholm County, 1975-1988 |journal=Eur. J. Epidemiol. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=173–7 |date=March 1992 |pmid=1322822 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5519491">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ringertz N |title=Hydatidiform mole, invasive mole and choriocarcinoma in Sweden 1958-1965 |journal=Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |date=1970 |pmid=5519491 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] in Canada and Greenland is reported to be approximately 3 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Gestational trophoblastic diseases | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 1983 | isbn = 9241206926 }}</ref><ref name="pmid230189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nielsen NH, Hansen JP |title=Trophoblastic tumors in Greenland |journal=J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=177–86 |date=October 1979 |pmid=230189 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="YenMacMahon1968">{{cite journal|last1=Yen|first1=Stella|last2=MacMahon|first2=Brian|title=Epidemiologic features of trophoblastic disease|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=101|issue=1|year=1968|pages=126–132|issn=00029378|doi=10.1016/0002-9378(68)90497-3}}</ref>
*The reported [[incidence]] in Australia is 7 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Gestational trophoblastic diseases | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 1983 | isbn = 9241206926 }}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] in Latin America is reported to be 2 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Gestational trophoblastic diseases | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 1983 | isbn = 9241206926 }}</ref><ref name="pmid844972">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sengupta BS, Persaud V, Wynter HH |title=Choriocarcinoma in Jamaica |journal=Int Surg |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=84–7 |date=February 1977 |pmid=844972 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid226699">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rolon PA, Hochsztajn de Lopez B |title=Malignant trophoblastic disease in paraguay |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=94–6 |date=August 1979 |pmid=226699 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] in Saudi Arabia is reported to be 16 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid2845590">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chattopadhyay SK, Sengupta BS, al-Ghreimil M, Edrees YB, Lambourne A |title=Epidemiologic study of gestational trophoblastic diseases in Saudi Arabia |journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet |volume=167 |issue=5 |pages=393–8 |date=November 1988 |pmid=2845590 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] in Asia ranges from 5 - 202 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Gestational trophoblastic diseases | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 1983 | isbn = 9241206926 }}</ref><ref name="ShanmugaratnamMuir1971">{{cite journal|last1=Shanmugaratnam|first1=K.|last2=Muir|first2=C. S.|last3=Tow|first3=S. H.|last4=Cheng|first4=W. C.|last5=Christine|first5=B.|last6=Pedersen|first6=E.|title=Rates per 100,000 births and incidence of choriocarcinoma and malignant mole in Singapore Chinese and Malays. Comparison with connecticut, Norway and Sweden|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=8|issue=1|year=1971|pages=165–175|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.2910080120}}</ref><ref name="pmid6256264">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakano R, Sasaki K, Yamoto M, Hata H |title=Trophoblastic disease: analysis of 342 patients |journal=Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=237–42 |date=1980 |pmid=6256264 |doi=10.1159/000299843 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1088402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baltazar JC |title=Epidemiological features of choriocarcinoma |journal=Bull. World Health Organ. |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=523–32 |date=1976 |pmid=1088402 |pmc=2366480 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4375696">{{cite journal |vauthors=Srivannaboon S, Vatananusara C, Boonyanit S |title=The incidence of trophoblastic disease in Siriraj Hospital |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=537–42 |date=November 1974 |pmid=4375696 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] in Nigeria is 99 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Gestational trophoblastic diseases | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 1983 | isbn = 9241206926 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6093462">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agboola A, Abudu OO |title=Epidemiology of trophoblast disease in Africa--Lagos |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=176 |issue= |pages=187–95 |date=1984 |pmid=6093462 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
===Prevalence===
*The [[prevalence]] of choriocarcinoma in the United States is 0.075 - 0.01 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid6705308">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buckley JD |title=The epidemiology of molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma |journal=Clin Obstet Gynecol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=153–9 |date=March 1984 |pmid=6705308 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11422477">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burton JL, Lidbury EA, Gillespie AM, Tidy JA, Smith O, Lawry J, Hancock BW, Wells M |title=Over-diagnosis of hydatidiform mole in early tubal ectopic pregnancy |journal=Histopathology |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=409–17 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11422477 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The [[prevalence]] rates from Southeast Asia are 1.5 - 2.5 times higher.<ref>Cortes R. Enfenpraded trophoblastic gestational. In obstetrician Clinica. Second edition. Edited by IZigheelboim, D Guariglia. Caracas, Editorial Disinlimed. 2005:374–379.</ref><ref>Kite NH, Lipscomb GH, Merrill K. Molar corneal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:689–692.</ref>
===Mortality Rate===
*The 5-year overall [[mortality rate]], after the exclusion of [[Placenta|placental]] site [[Trophoblast|trophoblastic]] [[Tumor|tumors]] and [[epithelioid]] [[Trophoblast|trophoblastic]] [[Tumor|tumors]], is 2%.<ref name="pmid26433171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolze PA, Riedl C, Massardier J, Lotz JP, You B, Schott AM, Hajri T, Golfier F |title=Mortality rate of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with a FIGO score of ≥13 |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=214 |issue=3 |pages=390.e1–8 |date=March 2016 |pmid=26433171 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.083 |url=}}</ref>
*High-risk [[Patient|patients]] have a 5-year [[mortality rate]] of 12%.<ref name="pmid26433171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolze PA, Riedl C, Massardier J, Lotz JP, You B, Schott AM, Hajri T, Golfier F |title=Mortality rate of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with a FIGO score of ≥13 |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=214 |issue=3 |pages=390.e1–8 |date=March 2016 |pmid=26433171 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.083 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Patient|Patients]] with an [[International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics|International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)]] score of ≥13 have a 5-year [[mortality rate]] of 38.4%.<ref name="pmid26433171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolze PA, Riedl C, Massardier J, Lotz JP, You B, Schott AM, Hajri T, Golfier F |title=Mortality rate of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with a FIGO score of ≥13 |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=214 |issue=3 |pages=390.e1–8 |date=March 2016 |pmid=26433171 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.083 |url=}}</ref>
===Age===
*The [[incidence]] of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is higher in the extremes of [[Reproduction|reproductive]] ages.
===Race===
*In Southasia, the [[incidence]] rates are double for Eurasians as compared to people of Chinese, Malaysian, or Indian origin.<ref name="pmid22439057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tasha I, Kroi E, Karameta A, Shahinaj R, Manoku N |title=Prevalence of gestational trophoblastic disease in ectopic pregnancy |journal=J Prenat Med |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=26–9 |date=April 2010 |pmid=22439057 |pmc=3279171 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*African Americans have a decreased [[incidence]] rate as compared to caucasians.<ref name="pmid22439057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tasha I, Kroi E, Karameta A, Shahinaj R, Manoku N |title=Prevalence of gestational trophoblastic disease in ectopic pregnancy |journal=J Prenat Med |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=26–9 |date=April 2010 |pmid=22439057 |pmc=3279171 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] is also higher in the Latin American population.<ref name="pmid22439057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tasha I, Kroi E, Karameta A, Shahinaj R, Manoku N |title=Prevalence of gestational trophoblastic disease in ectopic pregnancy |journal=J Prenat Med |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=26–9 |date=April 2010 |pmid=22439057 |pmc=3279171 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Mexicans and Filipinos have elevated rates in comparison to Japanese and Chinese.<ref name="pmid22439057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tasha I, Kroi E, Karameta A, Shahinaj R, Manoku N |title=Prevalence of gestational trophoblastic disease in ectopic pregnancy |journal=J Prenat Med |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=26–9 |date=April 2010 |pmid=22439057 |pmc=3279171 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Region===
*Europe, North America, Australia, some areas of Latin America, and the Middle East have low [[incidence]] ratios.<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Gestational trophoblastic diseases | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 1983 | isbn = 9241206926 }}</ref><ref name="SmithHilgers2003">{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Harriet O.|last2=Hilgers|first2=Robert D.|last3=Bedrick|first3=Edward J.|last4=Qualls|first4=Clifford R.|last5=Wiggins|first5=Charles L.|last6=Rayburn|first6=William F.|last7=Waxman|first7=Alan G.|last8=Stephens|first8=Nicole D.|last9=Cole|first9=Laurence W.|last10=Swanson|first10=Marian|last11=Key|first11=Charles R.|title=Ethnic differences at risk for gestational trophoblastic disease in New Mexico: A 25-year population-based study|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=188|issue=2|year=2003|pages=357–366|issn=00029378|doi=10.1067/mob.2003.39}}</ref><ref name="pmid5519491">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ringertz N |title=Hydatidiform mole, invasive mole and choriocarcinoma in Sweden 1958-1965 |journal=Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |date=1970 |pmid=5519491 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="ShanmugaratnamMuir1971">{{cite journal|last1=Shanmugaratnam|first1=K.|last2=Muir|first2=C. S.|last3=Tow|first3=S. H.|last4=Cheng|first4=W. C.|last5=Christine|first5=B.|last6=Pedersen|first6=E.|title=Rates per 100,000 births and incidence of choriocarcinoma and malignant mole in Singapore Chinese and Malays. Comparison with connecticut, Norway and Sweden|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=8|issue=1|year=1971|pages=165–175|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.2910080120}}</ref>
*Studies from China, India, Indonesia, and Thailand show high [[incidence]] ratios.<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Gestational trophoblastic diseases | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | year = 1983 | isbn = 9241206926 }}</ref><ref name="pmid4375696">{{cite journal |vauthors=Srivannaboon S, Vatananusara C, Boonyanit S |title=The incidence of trophoblastic disease in Siriraj Hospital |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=537–42 |date=November 1974 |pmid=4375696 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]

Overveiw

The reported incidence of choriocarcinoma in the United States is 2 to 7 per 100,000 pregnancies. The U.S. age-standardized (1960 World Population Standard) incidence rate of choriocarcinoma is approximately 0.18/100,000 women between the ages of 15 - 49 years. The prevalence of choriocarcinoma in the United States is 0.075 - 0.01 per 100, 000. The prevalence rates from Southeast Asia are 1.5 - 2.5 times higher. The 5-year overall mortality rate, after the exclusion of placental site trophoblastic tumors and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors, is 2%. High-risk patients have a 5-year mortality rate of 12%. Patients with an International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) score of ≥13 have a 5-year mortality rate of 38.4%. The incidence of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is higher in the extremes of reproductive ages. In Southasia, the incidence rates are double for Eurasians as compared to people of Chinese, Malaysian, or Indian origin. African Americans have a decreased incidence rate as compared to caucasians. The incidence is also higher in the Latin American population. Europe, North America, Australia, some areas of Latin America, and the Middle East have low incidence ratios.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The reported incidence of choriocarcinoma in the United States is 2 - 7 cases per 100,000 individuals pregnancies.[1]
  • The U.S. age-standardized (1960 World Population Standard) incidence rate of choriocarcinoma is approximately 0.18 cases per 100,000 individual women between the ages of 15 - 49 years.[2]
  • The incidence in Europe ranges from 2 - 3 cases per 100,000 individuals.[3][4][5]
  • The incidence in Canada and Greenland is reported to be approximately 3 cases per 100,000 individuals.[6][7][8]
  • The reported incidence in Australia is 7 cases per 100,000 individuals.[9]
  • The incidence in Latin America is reported to be 2 cases per 100,000 individuals.[10][11][12]
  • The incidence in Saudi Arabia is reported to be 16 cases per 100,000 individuals.[13]
  • The incidence in Asia ranges from 5 - 202 cases per 100,000 individuals.[14][15][16][17][18]
  • The incidence in Nigeria is 99 cases per 100,000 individuals.[19][20]

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of choriocarcinoma in the United States is 0.075 - 0.01 cases per 100,000 individuals.[21][22]
  • The prevalence rates from Southeast Asia are 1.5 - 2.5 times higher.[23][24]

Mortality Rate

Age

Race

  • In Southasia, the incidence rates are double for Eurasians as compared to people of Chinese, Malaysian, or Indian origin.[26]
  • African Americans have a decreased incidence rate as compared to caucasians.[26]
  • The incidence is also higher in the Latin American population.[26]
  • Mexicans and Filipinos have elevated rates in comparison to Japanese and Chinese.[26]

Region

  • Europe, North America, Australia, some areas of Latin America, and the Middle East have low incidence ratios.[27][28][5][15]
  • Studies from China, India, Indonesia, and Thailand show high incidence ratios.[29][18]

References

  1. ↑ General Information About Gestational Trophoblastic Disease National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/gestational-trophoblastic/hp/gtd-treatment-pdq/#section/_1. Accessed on October7, 2015
  2. ↑ Altieri A, Franceschi S, Ferlay J, Smith J, La Vecchia C (November 2003). "Epidemiology and aetiology of gestational trophoblastic diseases". Lancet Oncol. 4 (11): 670–8. PMID 14602247.
  3. ↑ Olsen, Jørgen H.; Mellemkjaer, Lene; Gridley, Gloria; Brinton, Louise; Johansen, Christoffer; Kjaer, Susanne Krüger (1999). "Molar pregnancy and risk for cancer in women and their male partners". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 181 (3): 630–634. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70504-1. ISSN 0002-9378.
  4. ↑ Flam F, Lundström-Lindstedt V, Rutqvist LE (March 1992). "Incidence of gestational trophoblastic disease in Stockholm County, 1975-1988". Eur. J. Epidemiol. 8 (2): 173–7. PMID 1322822.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ringertz N (1970). "Hydatidiform mole, invasive mole and choriocarcinoma in Sweden 1958-1965". Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 49 (2): 195–203. PMID 5519491.
  6. ↑ LastName, FirstName (1983). Gestational trophoblastic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241206926.
  7. ↑ Nielsen NH, Hansen JP (October 1979). "Trophoblastic tumors in Greenland". J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 95 (2): 177–86. PMID 230189.
  8. ↑ Yen, Stella; MacMahon, Brian (1968). "Epidemiologic features of trophoblastic disease". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 101 (1): 126–132. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(68)90497-3. ISSN 0002-9378.
  9. ↑ LastName, FirstName (1983). Gestational trophoblastic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241206926.
  10. ↑ LastName, FirstName (1983). Gestational trophoblastic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241206926.
  11. ↑ Sengupta BS, Persaud V, Wynter HH (February 1977). "Choriocarcinoma in Jamaica". Int Surg. 62 (2): 84–7. PMID 844972.
  12. ↑ Rolon PA, Hochsztajn de Lopez B (August 1979). "Malignant trophoblastic disease in paraguay". J Reprod Med. 23 (2): 94–6. PMID 226699.
  13. ↑ Chattopadhyay SK, Sengupta BS, al-Ghreimil M, Edrees YB, Lambourne A (November 1988). "Epidemiologic study of gestational trophoblastic diseases in Saudi Arabia". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 167 (5): 393–8. PMID 2845590.
  14. ↑ LastName, FirstName (1983). Gestational trophoblastic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241206926.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Shanmugaratnam, K.; Muir, C. S.; Tow, S. H.; Cheng, W. C.; Christine, B.; Pedersen, E. (1971). "Rates per 100,000 births and incidence of choriocarcinoma and malignant mole in Singapore Chinese and Malays. Comparison with connecticut, Norway and Sweden". International Journal of Cancer. 8 (1): 165–175. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910080120. ISSN 0020-7136.
  16. ↑ Nakano R, Sasaki K, Yamoto M, Hata H (1980). "Trophoblastic disease: analysis of 342 patients". Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 11 (4): 237–42. doi:10.1159/000299843. PMID 6256264.
  17. ↑ Baltazar JC (1976). "Epidemiological features of choriocarcinoma". Bull. World Health Organ. 54 (5): 523–32. PMC 2366480. PMID 1088402.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Srivannaboon S, Vatananusara C, Boonyanit S (November 1974). "The incidence of trophoblastic disease in Siriraj Hospital". J Med Assoc Thai. 57 (11): 537–42. PMID 4375696.
  19. ↑ LastName, FirstName (1983). Gestational trophoblastic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241206926.
  20. ↑ Agboola A, Abudu OO (1984). "Epidemiology of trophoblast disease in Africa--Lagos". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 176: 187–95. PMID 6093462.
  21. ↑ Buckley JD (March 1984). "The epidemiology of molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 27 (1): 153–9. PMID 6705308.
  22. ↑ Burton JL, Lidbury EA, Gillespie AM, Tidy JA, Smith O, Lawry J, Hancock BW, Wells M (May 2001). "Over-diagnosis of hydatidiform mole in early tubal ectopic pregnancy". Histopathology. 38 (5): 409–17. PMID 11422477.
  23. ↑ Cortes R. Enfenpraded trophoblastic gestational. In obstetrician Clinica. Second edition. Edited by IZigheelboim, D Guariglia. Caracas, Editorial Disinlimed. 2005:374–379.
  24. ↑ Kite NH, Lipscomb GH, Merrill K. Molar corneal ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:689–692.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Bolze PA, Riedl C, Massardier J, Lotz JP, You B, Schott AM, Hajri T, Golfier F (March 2016). "Mortality rate of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with a FIGO score of ≥13". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 214 (3): 390.e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.083. PMID 26433171.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Tasha I, Kroi E, Karameta A, Shahinaj R, Manoku N (April 2010). "Prevalence of gestational trophoblastic disease in ectopic pregnancy". J Prenat Med. 4 (2): 26–9. PMC 3279171. PMID 22439057.
  27. ↑ LastName, FirstName (1983). Gestational trophoblastic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241206926.
  28. ↑ Smith, Harriet O.; Hilgers, Robert D.; Bedrick, Edward J.; Qualls, Clifford R.; Wiggins, Charles L.; Rayburn, William F.; Waxman, Alan G.; Stephens, Nicole D.; Cole, Laurence W.; Swanson, Marian; Key, Charles R. (2003). "Ethnic differences at risk for gestational trophoblastic disease in New Mexico: A 25-year population-based study". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 188 (2): 357–366. doi:10.1067/mob.2003.39. ISSN 0002-9378.
  29. ↑ LastName, FirstName (1983). Gestational trophoblastic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 9241206926.

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