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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Cervical cancer}} | | {{Cervical cancer}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Rim}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Nnasiri}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death, accounting for nearly 300,000 deaths annually.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> In developing nations, it is often the most common cause of cancer-related death among women and a leading cause of death overall.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> Once one of the most common cancers affecting U.S. women, cervical cancer now ranks 14th in frequency.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> Because precancerous lesions found by [[Pap smear]]s can be treated and cured before they develop into cancer, and because cervical cancer is often detected before it becomes advanced, the incidence and death rates for this disease are relatively low.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> According to the most recent data, the age-adjusted incidence rate for cervical cancer was 6.73 cases per 100,000 women in the United States in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
| | According to the Centers for disease control and prevention ([[CDC]]) , [[cancer]] is the second leading cause of death in the United States after heart disease. One of every four deaths in the United States is due to cancer. Cervical cancer once was one of leading cause of mortality and cancer related death in women worldwide and in US, over the past 50 years, regular [[Pap smear]] screening caused significant drop in [[incidence]] and [[mortality rate]] of cervical cancer. Cervical neoplasia still is very common in developing countries, studies shown there is an association between age and socoeconomic status of women and [[incidence]] of [[infection]] with [[human papilloma virus]]. |
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | | ==Epidemiology and demographics== |
| ===Prevalence===
| | * According to Centers for disease control and prevention ([[CDC]]) , [[cancer]] is the second leading cause of death in the United States after heart disease. One of every four deaths in the United States is due to cancer. <ref name="urlCDC - Data Visualizations Tool Technical Notes - NPCR - Cancer">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/uscs/technical_notes/index.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcancer%2Fnpcr%2Fuscs%2Ftechnical_notes%2Findex.htm |title=CDC - Data Visualizations Tool Technical Notes - NPCR - Cancer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> |
| | | * Cervical cancer once was one of leading cause of [[mortality]] and cancer related death in women worldwide and in US, over the past 50 years, regular [[Pap smear]] screening caused significant drop in incidence and [[mortality rate]] of cervical cancer. In terms of frequency, it is ranked 14th now in the US but still is very common in least developed countries. <ref name="urlUSCS Data Visualizations">{{cite web |url=https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/DataViz.html |title=USCS Data Visualizations |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> |
| * In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of cervical cancer is 87.9 per 100,000 in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref> | | * In the United States, cervical cancer is more common among Hispanics, African-Americans, Asians and pascific islanders, and followed by whites. Native Alaskans and Indians have the lowest rate. Age of diagnosis is usually above 30 years old, in their midlife. Number of new cases of cervical cancer was 7.4 per 100,000 women per year and number of deaths was 2.3 per 100,000 women per year based on statistical datas collected on 2015. <ref name="pmid11314432" /> |
| | | * According to the [[American Cancer Society]], estimates for cervical cancer in the United States for 2018 are: About 13,240 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed and about 4,170 women will die from cervical cancer. Based on recent [[CDC]] datas, States with highest rates of cervical cancers are Arkansas(10.4%), Louisiana(9.8%), Alabama(9.4%), Kentucky(9.4%), Texas(9.1%), Mississippi(9.1%), Kansas(9.0%), D.C(8.9%), Florida(8.7%), Nevada(8.7%).<ref name="pmid11314432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Franco EL, Duarte-Franco E, Ferenczy A |title=Cervical cancer: epidemiology, prevention and the role of human papillomavirus infection |journal=CMAJ |volume=164 |issue=7 |pages=1017–25 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11314432 |pmc=80931 |doi= |url=}}</ref> |
| ===Incidence===
| | __NOTOC__ |
| | | {{Cervical cancer}} |
| * The delay-adjusted [[incidence]] of cervical cancer in 2011 was estimated to be 6.83 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
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| * In 2011, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of cervical cancer was 6.73 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
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| * In 2011, approximately 3100 women in the United Kingdom were diagnosed with cervical cancer.<ref name=uk>http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/keyfacts/cervical-cancer/ Cancer Research UK. Cervical cancer key facts.]</ref>
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| ===Age===
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| * While the overall age-adjusted [[incidence]] of cervical cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 7.8 per 100,000, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of cervical cancer by age category is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
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| ** Under 65 years: 7.3 per 100,000
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| ** 65 and over: 11.5 per 100,000
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| ===Race===
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| * Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of cervical cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
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| {| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
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| |style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''All Races''' ||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Asian/Pacific Islander''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Hispanic'''
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| | style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Age-adjusted [[prevalence]]'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |87.9 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |91.3 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |81.9 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 75.5 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |141 per 100,000 | |
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| * Shown below is an image depicting the [[incidence]] of cervical cancer in the white and black races in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref> | |
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| [[Image:Incidence of cervical cancer in white vs black in USA.PNG|The incidence of cervical cancer in the white and black races in the United States between 1975 and 2011]] | |
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| * Shown below is an image depicting the [[incidence]] of cervical cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
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| [[Image:Incidence of cervical cancer by race in USA.PNG|The incidence of cervical cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011]]
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| <small> API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native</small>
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| ===Developed Countries===
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| * As recently as the 1940s, cervical cancer was a major cause of death among women of childbearing age in the United States. However, with the introduction in the 1950s of the [[Pap smear|Papanicolaou (Pap) smear]], a simple test in which a sample of cervical cells is examined under a [[microscope]] to detect cellular abnormalities, the incidence of invasive cervical cancer declined dramatically. Between 1955 and 1992, U.S. cervical cancer incidence and death rates declined by more than 60%. Once one of the most common cancers affecting U.S. women, cervical cancer now ranks 14th in frequency. Because precancerous lesions found by [[Pap smear]]s can be treated and cured before they develop into cancer, and because cervical cancer is often detected before it becomes advanced, the incidence and death rates for this disease are relatively low.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref>
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| * In certain populations and geographic areas of the United States, cervical cancer incidence and death rates are still high, due in large part to limited access to cervical cancer screening.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref>
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| * In the United Kingdom, cervical cancer ranks 12 among the different types of cancer in women, and ranks third in gynecological cancer after [[ovarian cancer]] and [[uterine cancer]]. Among women less than 35 years of age in the United Kingdom, cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer.<ref name=uk>http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/keyfacts/cervical-cancer/ Cancer Research UK. Cervical cancer key facts.]</ref> | |
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| ===Developing Countries===
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| In developing nations, cervical cancer is often the most common cause of cancer-related death among women and a leading cause of death overall.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> Rates of cervical cancer are high in developing nations, where more than 80% of cervical cancer cases occur.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref>
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| ===Percent Distribution of Cervical Cancer by Histology===
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| Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of cervical cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between 2007 and 2011 in the United States are:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
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| * [[Carcinoma]]: 98.1%
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| ** [[Epidermoid carcinoma]]: 66.1%
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| *** [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]: 45.2%
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| *** Squamous cell, keratinizing: 7.1%
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| *** Squamous cell, non keratinizing: 8.9%
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| *** Squamous cell, microinvasive: 3.3%
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| ***Other: 1.5%
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| ** [[Adenocarcinoma]]: 27,7%
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| *** [[Adenocarcinoma]] no otherwise specified: 14.5%
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| *** Adenosquamous: 3.7%
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| *** Other adenocarcinoma: 9.5%
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| ** Other specific carcinoma: 1.5%
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| ** Unspecified carcinoma: 2.9%
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| * [[Sarcoma]]: 0.4%
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| * Other specific types: 1%
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| * Unspecified: 0.6%
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
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| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| [[Category:Gynecology]] | | [[Category:Gynecology]] |
| [[Category:Types of cancer]] | | [[Category:Types of cancer]] |
| | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| [[Category:Oncology]] | | [[Category:Oncology]] |
| [[Category:primary care]] | | [[Category:Medicine]] |
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| {{WS}}
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