Cellulitis laboratory tests: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | |||
{{Cellulitis}} | |||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Aditya Govindavarjhulla|Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.]] | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
== | When cellulitis is accompanied by signs and symptoms of systemic toxicity (e.g., [[fever]] or [[hypothermia]], [[tachycardia]], and [[hypotension]]), blood samples should be collected for culture with susceptibility tests, [[complete blood cell count]] with differential, [[creatinine]], [[bicarbonate]], [[creatine phosphokinase]], and [[C-reactive protein]] levels. A definitive etiologic diagnosis by means of needle aspiration or punch biopsy may be considered in the presence of elevated serum [[creatinine]], decreased serum [[bicarbonate]], elevated [[creatine phosphokinase]], marked left shift, or [[CRP|C-reactive protein]] >13 mg/L.<ref name="Stevens-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Stevens | first1 = DL. | last2 = Bisno | first2 = AL. | last3 = Chambers | first3 = HF. | last4 = Everett | first4 = ED. | last5 = Dellinger | first5 = P. | last6 = Goldstein | first6 = EJ. | last7 = Gorbach | first7 = SL. | last8 = Hirschmann | first8 = JV. | last9 = Kaplan | first9 = EL. | title = Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 41 | issue = 10 | pages = 1373-406 | month = Nov | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1086/497143 | PMID = 16231249 }}</ref> | ||
==Laboratory Findings== | |||
'''Blood tests''' | |||
*Total blood count increases. Leukocytosis is seen | *Total blood count increases. [[Leukocytosis]] is seen in most of the cellulitis cases, but in a few toxin mediated cellulitis cases [[leucopenia]] may be observed. | ||
*ESR and CRP can be used as prognostic indicators.New recommendations are more favorable towards the use of CRP compared to ESR.<ref>http://dermatology.jwatch.org/cgi/content/full/2011/318/1</ref> | *[[ESR]] and [[CRP]] can be used as prognostic indicators. New recommendations are more favorable towards the use of [[CRP]] compared to [[ESR]] as an indicator of infection severity.<ref>http://dermatology.jwatch.org/cgi/content/full/2011/318/1</ref> Elevated ESR and CRP levels on admission are associated with a longer hospitalization period.<ref name="pmid16321649">{{cite journal| author=Lazzarini L, Conti E, Tositti G, de Lalla F| title=Erysipelas and cellulitis: clinical and microbiological spectrum in an Italian tertiary care hospital. | journal=J Infect | year= 2005 | volume= 51 | issue= 5 | pages= 383-9 | pmid=16321649 | doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2004.12.010 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16321649 }} </ref> | ||
*If repeated infections of cellulitis | *If repeated infections of cellulitis occur, [[diabetes]] should be ruled out as a cause. Blood glucose levels will assist in determining if diabetes has had any influence on the development of cellulitis. | ||
'''Staining and cultures''' | |||
Microbial resistance to drugs is a very common and serious problem.<ref>http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa043252</ref> In cases of non resolution, severe infections leading to hospitalization drug sensitivity has to be tested. | *[[Blood culture|Blood cultures]] are warranted in the following conditions:<ref name="Stevens-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Stevens | first1 = DL. | last2 = Bisno | first2 = AL. | last3 = Chambers | first3 = HF. | last4 = Everett | first4 = ED. | last5 = Dellinger | first5 = P. | last6 = Goldstein | first6 = EJ. | last7 = Gorbach | first7 = SL. | last8 = Hirschmann | first8 = JV. | last9 = Kaplan | first9 = EL. | title = Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 41 | issue = 10 | pages = 1373-406 | month = Nov | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1086/497143 | PMID = 16231249 }}</ref><ref name="Swartz-2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Swartz | first1 = MN. | title = Clinical practice. Cellulitis. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 350 | issue = 9 | pages = 904-12 | month = Feb | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp031807 | PMID = 14985488 }}</ref> | ||
:*Accompanying signs and symptoms suggestive of [[bacteremia]] (e.g., [[fever|high fever]], [[chills]], [[hypothermia]], [[tachycardia]], and [[hypotension]]) | |||
:*Buccal cellulitis | |||
:*[[Periorbital cellulitis]] | |||
:*Cellulitis superimposed on [[lymphedema]] | |||
:*When a salt-water or fresh-water source of infection is likely | |||
*Blood cultures are positive only in few cases of mild infection and community acquired cellulitis. <ref name="pmid10585800">{{cite journal| author=Perl B, Gottehrer NP, Raveh D, Schlesinger Y, Rudensky B, Yinnon AM| title=Cost-effectiveness of blood cultures for adult patients with cellulitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 6 | pages= 1483-8 | pmid=10585800 | doi=10.1086/313525 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10585800 }} </ref> Blood cultures become a significant diagnostic tool when the inflammation present in cellulitis spreads systemically. | |||
*In cases where an [[abscess]] has formed, gram staining and cultures of the drained fluid may be helpful in further management of the condition. | |||
*In cases of recurring cellulitis of the foot, fungal infections have to be ruled out. Skin scrapings will be helpful for the diagnosis. | |||
'''Drug Resistance''' | |||
*Microbial resistance to drugs is a very common and serious problem.<ref>http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa043252</ref> In cases of non resolution, severe infections leading to hospitalization drug sensitivity has to be tested. | |||
==Gallery== | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Ellulitis02.jpeg| Gram-negative Haemophilus influenzae bacteria, which were cultured on chocolate agar medium (10x mag). <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name="PHIL"> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL> | |||
</gallery> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | [[Category:Dermatology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
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[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]] | [[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]] | ||
[[Category:Inflammations]] | [[Category:Inflammations]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:14, 13 January 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.
Overview
When cellulitis is accompanied by signs and symptoms of systemic toxicity (e.g., fever or hypothermia, tachycardia, and hypotension), blood samples should be collected for culture with susceptibility tests, complete blood cell count with differential, creatinine, bicarbonate, creatine phosphokinase, and C-reactive protein levels. A definitive etiologic diagnosis by means of needle aspiration or punch biopsy may be considered in the presence of elevated serum creatinine, decreased serum bicarbonate, elevated creatine phosphokinase, marked left shift, or C-reactive protein >13 mg/L.[1]
Laboratory Findings
Blood tests
- Total blood count increases. Leukocytosis is seen in most of the cellulitis cases, but in a few toxin mediated cellulitis cases leucopenia may be observed.
- ESR and CRP can be used as prognostic indicators. New recommendations are more favorable towards the use of CRP compared to ESR as an indicator of infection severity.[2] Elevated ESR and CRP levels on admission are associated with a longer hospitalization period.[3]
- If repeated infections of cellulitis occur, diabetes should be ruled out as a cause. Blood glucose levels will assist in determining if diabetes has had any influence on the development of cellulitis.
Staining and cultures
- Blood cultures are warranted in the following conditions:[1][4]
- Accompanying signs and symptoms suggestive of bacteremia (e.g., high fever, chills, hypothermia, tachycardia, and hypotension)
- Buccal cellulitis
- Periorbital cellulitis
- Cellulitis superimposed on lymphedema
- When a salt-water or fresh-water source of infection is likely
- Blood cultures are positive only in few cases of mild infection and community acquired cellulitis. [5] Blood cultures become a significant diagnostic tool when the inflammation present in cellulitis spreads systemically.
- In cases where an abscess has formed, gram staining and cultures of the drained fluid may be helpful in further management of the condition.
- In cases of recurring cellulitis of the foot, fungal infections have to be ruled out. Skin scrapings will be helpful for the diagnosis.
Drug Resistance
- Microbial resistance to drugs is a very common and serious problem.[6] In cases of non resolution, severe infections leading to hospitalization drug sensitivity has to be tested.
Gallery
-
Gram-negative Haemophilus influenzae bacteria, which were cultured on chocolate agar medium (10x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [7]
![Gram-negative Haemophilus influenzae bacteria, which were cultured on chocolate agar medium (10x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [7]](/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Ellulitis02.jpeg){kind=link}
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stevens, DL.; Bisno, AL.; Chambers, HF.; Everett, ED.; Dellinger, P.; Goldstein, EJ.; Gorbach, SL.; Hirschmann, JV.; Kaplan, EL. (2005). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections". Clin Infect Dis. 41 (10): 1373–406. doi:10.1086/497143. PMID 16231249. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ http://dermatology.jwatch.org/cgi/content/full/2011/318/1
- ↑ Lazzarini L, Conti E, Tositti G, de Lalla F (2005). "Erysipelas and cellulitis: clinical and microbiological spectrum in an Italian tertiary care hospital". J Infect. 51 (5): 383–9. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2004.12.010. PMID 16321649.
- ↑ Swartz, MN. (2004). "Clinical practice. Cellulitis". N Engl J Med. 350 (9): 904–12. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp031807. PMID 14985488. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Perl B, Gottehrer NP, Raveh D, Schlesinger Y, Rudensky B, Yinnon AM (1999). "Cost-effectiveness of blood cultures for adult patients with cellulitis". Clin Infect Dis. 29 (6): 1483–8. doi:10.1086/313525. PMID 10585800.
- ↑ http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa043252
- ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".