Cancer of unknown primary origin diagnostic study of choice

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Diagnostic Study of Choice

Study of choice

[Name of the investigation] is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of [disease name].

OR

The following result of [gold standard test] is confirmatory of [disease name]:

  • [Result 1]
  • [Result 2]

OR

[Name of the investigation] must be performed when:

  • The patient presents with [symptom/sign 1], [symptom/sign 2], and [symptom/sign 3].
  • A [name of test] is positive for [sign 1], [sign 2], and [sign 3] in the patient.

OR

[Name of the investigation] is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of [disease name].

OR

The diagnostic study of choice for [disease name] is [name of the investigation].

OR

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of [disease name].

OR

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of [disease name], but [disease name] can be diagnosed based on [name of the investigation 1] and [name of the investigation 2].

OR

[Disease name] is primarily diagnosed based on the clinical presentation.

OR

Investigations:

  • Among the patients who present with clinical signs of [disease name], the [investigation name] is the most specific test for the diagnosis.
  • Among the patients who present with clinical signs of [disease name], the [investigation name] is the most sensitive test for diagnosis.
  • Among the patients who present with clinical signs of [disease name], the [investigation name] is the most efficient test for diagnosis.

The comparison of various diagnostic studies for [disease name]

Test Sensitivity Specificity
Test 1 ...% ...%
Test 2 ...% ...%

[Name of test with higher sensitivity and specificity] is the preferred investigation based on the sensitivity and specificity


  • The algorithm below explains the specific situations where certain diagnostic studies are recommended:[5][4]


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tumor of unknown primary origin
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• Full medical history and physical exam
• Basic blood and biochemical analysis
• CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Histopathologic examination
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Squamous cell carcinoma
 
 
 
Neuroendocrine carcinoma
 
 
 
Adenocarcinoma and poorly differntiated carcinoma
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• Octreoscan
• Plasma chromogranin A
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Additional tests specific to location of metastasis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Additional tests speciifc to gender
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cervical lymphadenopathy
 
Inguinal lymphadenopathy
 
Bone metastasis
 
 
 
Men
 
Women
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• Panendoscopy
• CT scan of head and neck
• Diagnostic bilateral tonsillectomy
 
• Complete clinical examination of external genital organs
• Pelvic CT scan or ultrasound
 
• Anoscopy
• Colposcopy (if female)
• Complete clinical examination of head and neck
• Panendoscopy
• Bone scintigraphy
• Xrays of painful areas
 
 
 
• PSA
• αFP
• βHCG
 
• Mammography
• Pelvic ultrasound or CT scan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Additional tests specific to location of metastasis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Midline and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy
 
Cervical and/or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
 
Axillary lymphadenopathy
 
Liver metastasis
 
Lung metastasis
 
Bone metastasis
 
Single metastasis
 
Pleural effusion
 
Periotneal effusion
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• Testicular ultrasound
• Chest and abdominal CT scan
 
• Testicular ultrasound
• Head and neck CT scan
• Panendoscopy
• EBV testing (to rule out undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma)
 
Women:
• Breast ultrasound
• Breast MRI
 
Women:
• αFP assay (if undifferntiated carcinoma)
• Colposcopy
 
Women:
• βHCG
Men:
• Testicular ultrasound
• Chest and abdominal CT scan
 
• Bone scintigraphy
• Xrays of painful areas
 
• Full body CT scan
• Bone scintigraphy
 
• Chest CT scan
 
Women:
• Abdominal and pelvic CT scan
Sequence of Diagnostic Studies

The [name of investigation] must be performed when:

  • The patient presented with symptoms/signs 1, 2, and 3 as the first step of diagnosis.
  • A positive [test] is detected in the patient, to confirm the diagnosis.

OR

The various investigations must be performed in the following order:

  • [Initial investigation]
  • [2nd investigation]

Name of Diagnostic Criteria

It is recommended that you include the criteria in a table. Make sure you always cite the source of the content and whether the table has been adapted from another source.

[Disease name] is primarily diagnosed based on clinical presentation. There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

OR

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for [disease name], though [disease name] may be diagnosed based on [name of criteria] established by [...].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

[Disease name] may be diagnosed at any time if one or more of the following criteria are met:

  • Criteria 1
  • Criteria 2
  • Criteria 3

OR

IF there are clear, established diagnostic criteria

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

IF there are no established diagnostic criteria

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

References

  1. Le Chevalier T, Cvitkovic E, Caille P, Harvey J, Contesso G, Spielmann M; et al. (1988). "Early metastatic cancer of unknown primary origin at presentation. A clinical study of 302 consecutive autopsied patients". Arch Intern Med. 148 (9): 2035–9. PMID 3046543.
  2. Briasoulis E, Pavlidis N (1997). "Cancer of Unknown Primary Origin". Oncologist. 2 (3): 142–152. PMID 10388044.
  3. Collado Martín R, García Palomo A, de la Cruz Merino L, Borrega García P, Barón Duarte FJ, Spanish Society for Medical Oncology (2014). "Clinical guideline SEOM: cancer of unknown primary site". Clin Transl Oncol. 16 (12): 1091–7. doi:10.1007/s12094-014-1244-0. PMC 4239766. PMID 25392080.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Bugat R, Bataillard A, Lesimple T, Voigt JJ, Culine S, Lortholary A, Merrouche Y, Ganem G, Kaminsky MC, Negrier S, Perol M, Laforêt C, Bedossa P, Bertrand G, Coindre JM, Fizazi K (2003). "Summary of the Standards, Options and Recommendations for the management of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site (2002)". Br. J. Cancer. 89 Suppl 1: S59–66. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601085. PMC 2753014. PMID 12915904.
  5. Fizazi K, Greco FA, Pavlidis N, Daugaard G, Oien K, Pentheroudakis G; et al. (2015). "Cancers of unknown primary site: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up". Ann Oncol. 26 Suppl 5: v133–8. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv305. PMID 26314775.

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