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Cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (abbreviated CYP24A1) is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes encoded by the CYP24A1 gene. It is a mitochondrial monooxygenase which catalyzes reactions including 24-hydroxylation of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3).[1] It has also been identified as vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase.(EC1.14.15.16)
CYP24A1 is an enzyme expressed in the mitochondrion of humans and other species. It catalyzes hydroxylation reactions which lead to the degradation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the physiologically active form of vitamin D. Hydroxylation of the side chain produces calcitroic acid and other metabolites which are excreted in bile.[1][2]
CYP24A1 was identified in the early 1970s and was first thought to be involved in vitamin D metabolism as the renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase, modifying calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) to produce 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D). Subsequent studies using recombinant CYP24A1 showed that it could also catalyze multiple other hydroxylation reactions at the side chain carbons known as C-24 and C-23 in both 25-OH-D3 and the active hormonal form, 1,25-(OH)2D3. It is now considered responsible for the entire five-step, 24-oxidation pathway from 1,25-(OH)2D3 producing calcitroic acid.[2]
CYP24A1 also is able to catalyse another pathway which starts with 23-hydroxylation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and culminates in 1,25-(OH)2D3-26,23-lactone.[2]
The side chains of the ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) derivatives, 25-OH-D2 and 1,25-(OH)2D2, are also hydroxylated by CYP24A1.[2]
The structure of CYP24A1 is highly conserved between different species although the balance of functions can differ.[2] Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
This enzyme plays an important role in calcium homeostasis and the vitamin D endocrine system through its regulation of the level of vitamin D3.
Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1]
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CYP24A1 is expressed in tissues which are considered targets for vitamin D, including kidney, intestine and bone. Transcription of the CYP24A1 gene is markedly inducible by 1,25-(OH)2D3 binding to the vitamin D receptor.[2] The gene has a strong, positive vitamin D response element in the promoter. Through regulation of CYP24A1 expression, a negative feedback control system is created to limit the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3.[2]
PTH and FGF23 also regulate CYP24A1 gene expression.[2] Additionally, it is translationally regulated via IRES within the 5'UTR, which is responsive to an inflammatory environment.[3]
Clinical relevance
Abnormal functioning CYP24A1 is thought to be one of the causes of severe infantile hypercalcemia.[4] Patients with mutations of the CYP24A1 gene have elevated serum calcium concentrations, elevated serum 1,25-(OH)2D, suppressed PTH concentrations, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and sometimes reduced bone density. Variations in the gene may also be found in people with renal stones.[5]
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Hahn CN, Baker E, Laslo P, May BK, Omdahl JL, Sutherland GR (1993). "Localization of the human vitamin D 24-hydroxylase gene (CYP24) to chromosome 20q13.2-->q13.3". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 62 (4): 192–3. doi:10.1159/000133473. PMID8440135.
Bland R, Walker EA, Hughes SV, Stewart PM, Hewison M (May 1999). "Constitutive expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in a transformed human proximal tubule cell line: evidence for direct regulation of vitamin D metabolism by calcium". Endocrinology. 140 (5): 2027–34. doi:10.1210/en.140.5.2027. PMID10218951.
Taniguchi T, Eto TA, Shiotsuki H, Sueta H, Higashi S, Iwamura T, Okuda KI, Setoguchi T (January 2001). "Newly established assay method for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase revealed much lower Km for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 16 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.1.57. PMID11149490.
Farhan H, Cross HS (November 2002). "Transcriptional inhibition of CYP24 by genistein". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 973: 459–62. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04683.x. PMID12485911.
Theodoropoulos C, Demers C, Delvin E, Ménard D, Gascon-Barré M (April 2003). "Calcitriol regulates the expression of the genes encoding the three key vitamin D3 hydroxylases and the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4 in the human fetal intestine". Clinical Endocrinology. 58 (4): 489–99. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01743.x. PMID12641633.
Fritsche J, Mondal K, Ehrnsperger A, Andreesen R, Kreutz M (November 2003). "Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase and production of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by human dendritic cells". Blood. 102 (9): 3314–6. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-11-3521. PMID12855575.
Nguyen TM, Lieberherr M, Fritsch J, Guillozo H, Alvarez ML, Fitouri Z, Jehan F, Garabédian M (February 2004). "The rapid effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 require the vitamin D receptor and influence 24-hydroxylase activity: studies in human skin fibroblasts bearing vitamin D receptor mutations". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (9): 7591–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309517200. PMID14665637.
Mimori K, Tanaka Y, Yoshinaga K, Masuda T, Yamashita K, Okamoto M, Inoue H, Mori M (February 2004). "Clinical significance of the overexpression of the candidate oncogene CYP24 in esophageal cancer". Annals of Oncology. 15 (2): 236–41. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdh056. PMID14760115.
Sawada N, Kusudo T, Sakaki T, Hatakeyama S, Hanada M, Abe D, Kamao M, Okano T, Ohta M, Inouye K (April 2004). "Novel metabolism of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with C24-C25 bond cleavage catalyzed by human CYP24A1". Biochemistry. 43 (15): 4530–7. doi:10.1021/bi030207f. PMID15078099.
Kusudo T, Sakaki T, Abe D, Fujishima T, Kittaka A, Takayama H, Hatakeyama S, Ohta M, Inouye K (September 2004). "Metabolism of A-ring diastereomers of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by CYP24A1". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 321 (4): 774–82. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.040. PMID15358094.